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Design and AM of a medical face shield
was to design a competitively lighter, relatively are expected. Hence, in this perspective, various face
more ergonomic, and easy-to-use original shield design samples and patent registrations can
medical face shield which can be produced within be found from a simple internet search; however,
relatively shorter production times, assembled the number of informative scientific publications
without extra components (such as elastic bands, for user guides, design details, and AM and
softening materials, and clips), fully amenable to conventional or non-conventional manufacturing
production using AM technology, and directed applications of face shield are very limited. Within
to more conventional manufacturing methods, the limited literature, a useful scientific review
by means of advanced computer-aided design, regarding face shields used for infection control
engineering, and AM applications. to assist in the selection and proper utilization of
this type of PPE was published by Roberge (2016).
2 Materials and methods In addition, the WHO, NHS England, and Texas

2.1 Background, design process, and original Medical Association Turkey have been updating
design details their advisory guidelines/publications for the use
of medical PPE. These are the sources available to
Although international standards for industrial collect reference information related to design and
PPE (such as ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2020, “American structure, regulatory standards, and guidelines to
National Standard for Occupational and Educational proper use and selection of the PPE and describe
Personal Eye and Face Protection” and British the product as PPE that provides barrier protection
Standards of BS 7028:1999 BS EN 168:2002, BS EN to the facial area and related mucous membranes
166:2002; BS EN 13921:2007, Statutory Instrument (eyes, nose, and lips). Consequently, these sources
2002 No. 1144 for eye protection regulations and were carefully considered in describing the
specifications) are available, it is reported that requirements for the design study detailed in this
there is currently no universal standard for eye/face paper.
protection from biological hazards during medical For the term “design,” there is no single
applications [10,12] . The common point related to the universal description in the product development
product descriptions and functionality. From the applications; however, design is commonly
infection control standpoint, protector components considered as a total iterative process within the
serve to minimize or prevent eye and face exposure scopes of engineering design, product design,
of the wearer to sprays, splashes, or droplets of and industrial design applications; this begins
blood, body fluids, excretions, secretions, and other with an idea or requirement and ends with a fully
potentially infectious materials in occupational and described product (or process or services). As
educational environments, where biological hazards shown schematically in Figure 2 adapted from

Figure 2. Product-specific redefined generic design process.

34 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4