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Celik, et al.
two of well-known references, Budynas and methods (such as plastic injection molding) in
Nisbett (2011) outline the idealized, iterative, and addition to AM-based prototyping.
top-down phases in design and Kamrani and The innovation process, which can provide
[13]
Nasr (2010) draws an engineering design process solutions for design needs, normally starts
path which indicates a similar process for the at the stage of conceptual design. A concept
product design . In addition, the result of the solution as the basis for the final design under
[14]
design activity is often expected to be original, pre-defined design needs and constraints can be
adding value to the existing designs by solving generated from a “stand-off” between two sets of
problems in new ways, which is the emphasis influences: The basic objective is to keep to the
[15]
in this research on the original design features of a required size, shape, and “look” (esthetic) of the
PPE product through a product-specific, redefined design, while improving on cost (such as material
generic design process. weight), lifetime, and integrity (Figure 3) [16] . In
For the first stage of the design process, essential this regard, five design candidates, which have
design function objectives for an original face the potential to meet with these pre-defined
shield product compatible with an AM production objectives, were designed and proposed at the
approaches were defined as follows: concept stage. These candidates were analyzed
F1. Original ergonomic design, easy-to-use form through technical functional analysis (TFA),
with stable holding elasticity and equipped and the best candidate design was selected for
with as few components as possible prototype testing. The core design contours
F2. Single frame design which is convenient for and the concept design candidates are shown in
AM production (DfAM approach) Figure 3.
F3. Specific product originality feature:
Comfortable, with non-classic goggle nose 2.2 TFA
pad, and no ear hook structural features
F4. No additional components used in the Redesigning/improving an existing product
assembly of the frame and the transparent (different design for the same functionality) on
shield (such as softening materials, and the market can pose significant challenges even
fastening clips) to the most experienced professional. Considering
F5. As little as possible additional processing the importance of the product application as
time in preparation/assembly of the linkage discussed within this work, the authors based
points between the frame and the transparent their redesign/design improvement or new design
visor decisions on the guidelines given from the value
F6. Biodegradable thermoplastic polymer/ analysis (VA) methodology developed by Miles
[17]
polylactic acid (PLA) material-based in 1948 . More specifically, TFA was deployed
production (for AM process) to develop the optimal technical solution that best
F7. Less than 10 g product weight (no supports meets the concrete expression of the customers”
during AM production) need, at minimum cost. The external and internal
F8. Less than 60 min AM production time through functional analysis takes into consideration
OEM machine (at 60 m/s layering speed, in- the main functions that the face shield needs to
fill rate of 100%) (production time may well perform to meet both customer expectations and
be shorter with industrial AM equipment) manufacturer specifications . TFA offers a variety
[18]
F9. Minimum 8 products per day from one of tools and instruments, but for the purpose of this
OEM machine during AM production stage study, the following main stages were deployed:
(8 working h) Function identification and characterization;
F10. Through simple design changes/revisions, ranking and valuation of the functions; economic
generated frame design should conveniently have dimensioning; result and critical evaluation of the
the potential for conventional manufacturing functions; and proposal of concepts. TFA can be

International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4 35