Page 17 - IJB-7-3

Liu, et al.
modules at the beginning and through further dexterous Author contributions
micromanipulations, while bioprinting realizes this
through composite bioprinting techniques. X.L. conceived the ideas and drafted the manuscript. Q.H.
and T.A. advised the organization of the main contents.
Recent review articles related with the fabrication of
artificial blood vessels mainly focus on artificial vascular M.K. and T.Y. collected the detailed research results.
grafts required in coronary angioplasty and coronary References
artery bypass grafting for treating coronary artery
disease [20,21,22,98,99,101] . These artificial blood vessels with 1. Hillsley MV, Frangos JA, 1994, Bone Tissue Engineering:
diameter larger than 2 mm are used for blood circulation The Role of Interstitial Fluid Flow. Biotechnol Bioeng,
instead of delivering nutrients and oxygen at single 43:573–81.
cell level. Fabricating mass of microvessels required in http://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260430706
transporting nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic wastes in the
constructed large 3D functional tissues requires the use of 2. Martin P, 1997, Wound Healing--Aiming for Perfect Skin
more advanced microfabrication techniques. Building the Regeneration. Science, 276:75–81.
microvascular network using “bottom-up” approach could http://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5309.75
be appropriate and adequate. Existing methods using the 3. Bello YM, Falabella AF, Eaglstein WH, 2001, Tissue-
“bottom-up” concept developed to fabricate microvessels Engineered Skin. Current Status in Wound Healing. Am J
can be divided into bio-assembling powered by different Clin Dermatol, 2:305–13.
micromanipulation techniques and bioprinting utilizing http://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200102050-00005
different solidification mechanisms. Existing reviews
mainly revolve around the use of bioprinting methods 4. Langer R, Vacanti JP, 1993, Tissue Engineering. Science,
in the fabrication of microvessels, while many research 260:920–6.
works on bio-assembling for engineering microvessels http://doi.org/10.1126/science.8493529
have not been summarized in any reviews. Our review has 5. Stock UA, Vacanti JP, 2001, Tissue Engineering: Current
summarized all the important bio-assembling methods State and Prospects. Annu Rev Med, 52:443–51.
and bioprinting methods for engineering microvessels http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.52.1.443
and compared them in different aspects. 6. Vacanti CA, 2006, The History of Tissue Engineering. J Cell
With regard to the future development of microvessel
engineering through bioprinting and bio-assembling Mol Med, 10:569–76.
methods from the bottom up, we conclude with the future http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00421.x
directions as follows: (i) fabricating microvessels across 7. Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik D, et al., 2007,
the micro to macro with higher efficiency; (ii) fabricating Multimodality Molecular Imaging Identifies Proteolytic
multilayer structure with stem cells and other cell sources; and Osteogenic Activities in Early Aortic Valve Disease.
(iii) using noncytotoxic biodegradable materials with the Circulation, 115:377–86.
strong mechanical property; (iv) building microvascular http://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.654913
networks and other tissues simultaneously; (v) achieving
3D structure design and optimization of the microvascular 8. Walther G, Gekas J, Bertrand OF, 2009, Amniotic Stem
network; and (vi) attempting in creating clinically Cells for Cellular Cardiomyoplasty: Promises and Premises.
relevant engineered microvessels for implantation and Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 73:917–24.
the treatment of disease on a small scale. http://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22016
9. Wang X, Yan, Y, Zhang R, 2010, Gelatin-Based Hydrogels
Acknowledgments for Controlled Cell Assembly. New York: Springer.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science 10. Wang X, 2012, Intelligent Freeform Manufacturing of
Foundation of China under Grants (61903039, 61873037, Complex Organs. Artif Organs, 36:951–61.
61803250), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01499.x
(BX20190035, 2020M680015), the Grant-in-Aid for 11. Orive G, Hernández RM, Rodríguez Gascón A, et al.,
Scientific Research (JP19H02093, JP19H02097) from
the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and 2004, History, Challenges and Perspectives of Cell
Technology of Japan, and Shanghai Science and Technology Microencapsulation. Trends Biotechnol, 22:87–92.
Committee Rising-Star Program (19QA1403700). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.11.004
12. Khademhosseini A, Langer R, Borenstein J, et al., 2006,
Conflict of interest Microscale Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Biology.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103:2480–7.

International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 3 13