Page 177 - IJB-7-4

Zolfagharian, et al
3. Results and discussion in the CAD software and converted into step format
before being imported into ABAQUS (Dassault,
Three lattice designs with the same amount of France) for the FEA study. Different elements were
materials for the sake of comparisons were created
used for ground, foot, and midsole where ground
block and foot were meshed by 5 mm R3D4 and
Table 1. Elastic and viscous parameters for Carroll’s, neo-
Hookean, and Yeoh’s models R3D3, respectively, and midsoles were meshed by
3 mm C3D4 tetrahedral elements as shown in Figure 4.
Carrol model a b c - The boundary conditions of different parts are shown
2.868e- 1.4183e- 7.846e-0 - in Figure 5, where the ground block is constrained in
01 07 1 all directions. The input force was defined for three
Neo-Hookean+ C 1 D 1 D 2 D 3 different scenarios of walking, running, and jumping
Yeoh’s model 8.201e- 5.792e- 4.464e- 3.382e+00 of an individual with 1820 mm height, 84.6 kg weight,
01 01 01 and equivalent BMI of 25.3 in Figure 6 . A dynamics/
[35]
explicit solver with time steps corresponding to input
force was used for calculating the simulation results in
various individual specifications during walking,
running, and jumping. According to the simulation
of ordinary walking [12] , the stresses of plantar were
within the linear elastic range of EPU40 material. The
properties of the foot and the ground were assumed
rigid, and for shoe midsole, the EPU40 properties
were defined (Figure 3).
The impact forces representing the individual
specifications in walking, running, and jumping were
applied for the three lattices, and stress and displacement
distributions results are shown in Figures 7 and 8,
Figure 3. Viscoelastic 3D-printed EPU40 stress-strain results. respectively. It is observed that the highest-pressure peaks

A

B

C

Figure 4. Different lattice meshes of midsole designs: (A) hexagonal, (B) elliptical, and (C) circular.

International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 4 173