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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Validity of a Soft and Flexible 3D-Printed Nissen

Fundoplication Model in Surgical Training

Yangyi Zhang , Jianfu Xia 2,3† , Jiye Zhang , Jinlei Mao , Hao Chen , Hui Lin , Pan Jiang ,
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1†
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Xinzhong He , Xiaodong Xu , Mingzhu Yin *, Zhifei Wang *
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1 Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key Laboratory of
Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
2 Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University (Wenzhou Central Hospital),
Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
3 Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu, 215000, China
4 Department of General Surgery, Yueqing Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University (Yueqing People’s Hospital),
Yueqing, Zhejiang, 325600, China
5 The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
6 The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
7 Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, 310000, China
8 State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou
730000, China
9 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Tongxiang, Tongxiang, Zhejiang,
314500, China
10 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
11 Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s
Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
† These authors contributed equally to this work

Abstract:Rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has enabled the production of many new materials
for medical applications but the dry laboratory surgical training model made of soft and flexible materials is still insufficient.
We established a new 3D-printed Nissen fundoplication training model of which materials simulate the real mechanical
properties. In this study, 16 participants were divided into two groups: Experimental group and control group. The validity
of model was tested using Likert scale by the experts and the experimental group. To evaluate the efficacy, performances of
the experimental group were scored at the first, fourth, and eighth training by OSATS system and the duration of procedure
was compared through the use of recorded video. Meanwhile, an ex vivo model was used to compare the performance of the
experiment group and control group after the training in the same way. Our results showed that the 3D-printed model can
support the future surgical applications, help improve surgical skills, and shorten procedure time after training.
Keywords: 3D-printed model; Nissen fundoplication; Surgical training; Soft materials

*Correspondence to: Mingzhu Yin, Department of Dermatology, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Hunan Key
Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China; yinmingzhu2008@126.com;
Zhifei Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital,
Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China; wangzhifei1973@zju.edu.cn

Received: November 28, 2021; Accepted: February 14, 2022; Published Online: March 23, 2022
Citation: Zhang Y, Xia J, Zhang J, et al., 2022, Validity of a Soft and Flexible 3D-Printed Nissen Fundoplication Model in Surgical Training.
Int J Bioprint, 8(2):546. http://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v8i2.546

© 2022 Author(s). This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting distribution and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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