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International Journal of Bioprinting Cellulose-based bio-inks for bone and cartilage TE

Figure 2. SEM after bioprinting of Alg and nanocellulose blends ink. (A and C) Alg bio-ink without cells. (B and D) Alg bio-ink loaded with human nasal
septal chondrocytes after 3 weeks of culture. (E and G) NCB-Alg bio-ink without cells. (F and H) NCB-Alg bio-ink loaded with human nasal septal chon-
[37]
drocytes after 3 weeks of culture . Images reproduced with permission.
cell morphology is a requirement for chondrogenesis . Unlike plant cellulose, BNC does not contain lignin
[38]
This also indicated that NCB-Alg had a suitable nano- or hemicellulose. Therefore, no complex steps, such as
environment for chondrogenesis. acidification and mechanical intervention, are required for
purification, and only purification using the low energy
2.3. BNC consumption of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is
2.3.1. Physicochemical properties and required. Moreover, BNC has a high-water content, up
preparation of BNC to 99%, unmatched by other biomaterials, as well as the
The majority of cellulose is derived from plants. However, ability to absorb water of more than 100 times its weight.
microorganisms are also an important source of cellulose, Additionally, BNC has a nanofiber network that is similar to
especially BNC. It is believed that bacterial cellulose is mainly the extracellular matrix (ECM) , which has a significant
[40]
synthesized to protect against ultraviolet radiation and impact on cell adhesion and migration. BNC is renowned
enhance bacterial colonization while retaining moisture . for other qualities, including strong mechanical properties
[39]

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Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)olume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 217 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.637