Page 228 - IJB-9-1

International Journal of Bioprinting Cellulose-based bio-inks for bone and cartilage TE

inks to increase their printability and then removed by
Ref. [69] [70] [71] [81] [85] [89] [90] [31] adjusting the LCST.
MC can be prepared in a variety of ways and is broadly
Biomedical applications Bone and cartilage TE Bone and cartilage TE Bio-ink preparation Cartilage TE (a more regular distribution of methyl substituents along
classified into two types: homogeneous distribution
[64]
the chains) and heterogeneous distribution (random
[65]
distribution of the substituents). MC derivatives with DS
between 1.3 and 2.5 are water soluble, while those with DS
Bone TE
Bone TE
Bone TE
Bone TE
more than 2.5 are soluble in organic solvents .
[59]
3.1.2. MC 3D bioprinting in cartilage and bone repair
MC is applied in bone TE in three main aspects: (i) as a
support ink, (ii) as a sacrificial ink, and (iii) to increase the
viscosity of the blended bio-ink.
Given the low viscosity of Alg inks described earlier, MC
Increase of the ink viscosity Increase of the ink viscosity Increase of ink viscosity Improvement in the mechanical properties Enhanced gel kinetics Increase of ink viscosity Maintenance of the scaffold’s macroporosity Increase of the viscosity Improvement in the mechanical properties Enhanced gel kinetics Enhanced gel kinetics plays a similar role to nanocellulose for printing high-fidelity
Table 3. A summary of recent studies on 3D printing of cellulose derivatives-based materials for bone and cartilage TE
scaffolds obtained by mixing with Alg . Ahlfeld et al.
[66]
proposed the use of a self-setting calcium phosphate cement
(CPC) and Alg-MC bio-ink by multichannel 3D plotting to
simulate a multilayered osteochondral tissue structure .
[67]
Functions Sacrificial ink Porogen Shear thinning of the scaffold Shear thinning of the scaffold CPC is commonly accepted as the best bone replacement
material because of its similarity to the mineral composition
of bone and its in vivo conversion into calcium-deficient
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp), which is absorbed
Bio-ink Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes by osteoclasts for bone reconstruction . To simulate the
[68]
three-layer configuration of the osteochondral region, the
uppermost layer consists of a human mesenchymal stem
cells (MSCs)-laden Alg-MC fraction resembling the articular
cartilage surface, the calcified cartilage region consists
Human chondrocytes (hCh) Mesenchymal stromal cells / primary osteoprogenitor cells Mesenchymal stromal cells MC3T3 cells/ bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Primary stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth Bone marrow mesenchymal Pre-osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) of a biphasic interwoven network of cell-laden Alg-MC
and CPC, and the lowermost layer, the subchondral bone,
consists of CPC. Between days 7 and 21, the cells remain
highly active as they start to migrate aggressively from the
Cell lines None stem cell Alg-MC to the CPC chain and exhibit an extended, elongated
morphology . Kilian et al. used human chondrocyte (hCh)-
[67]
loaded Alg-MC ink together with CPC using 3D plotting to
construct the osteochondral replacement scaffold described
MC/Alg/calcium phosphate cement MC/Alg/plasma/calcium phosphate MC/Alg/non-viral vector-pDNA CMC/glycol chitosan/ lactoferrin CMC/gelatin/beta-tricalcium phos- HPMC/calcium magnesium phos- HPMC-MA (hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose of methacrylation)/silk HEC/CNCs/glycerophosphate/CS type II) on the scaffold was found . [62]
above (Figure 4A and B) . A significant formation of
[69]
cartilage ECM (i.e., sulfated glycosaminoglycans, collagen
[69]
Ahlfeld et al. developed an MC-based supportive
hydrogel ink for 3D plotting to create clinically relevant
Ink composition cement (CPC) complexes phate (β-TCP) They designed MC as a support ink to co-print a human
geometries, including critical overhangs and cavities .
scaphoid bone model with CPC (Figure 4C) and used MC
fibroin
(CPC)
phate
as a sacrificial ink to create the cavity . As plasma contains
[62]
a huge variety of angiogenic factors, in a recent study, CPC/
plasma-Alg-MC was used to print a pre-vascularized bone
Cellulose derivatives type MC MC MC CMC CMC HPMC HPMC HEC tissue scaffold. The plasma-Alg-MC formed the lumen wall
of the constructs, and CPC was used as an external scaffold
(Figure 4D and E). Cells were found to cover the surface of
the lumen after 35 days .
[70]
V 220 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.637
Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)olume 9 Issue 1 (2023)