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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing of smart constructs for precise medicine

A B

C D

E F

Figure 8. Potential applications for biosensors. (A) A new bioprinting method with functionalized bioink with oxygen-sensing nanoparticles. (B) Viability
of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana and cell line during incubation in 3D-bioprinted structure containing oxygen sensor nanoparticles. (C) Structural
image of 3D-bioprinted constructs with the two different layers and images of oxygen concentrations according to time-dependent illumination.
(D) Spatiotemporal dynamics of oxygen concentrations in a multilayered 3D construct with sensor nanoparticles only, nanoparticles + microalga, as well
as cell line. (Figures A, B, C, and D reproduced with permission from Trampe et al. [123] ; copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons). (E) Exploded view of the
patch showing all the components necessary for fabrication processes. (F) The gross images and scanning electron microscope image of fabricated patch
with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containing 20 wt% of SiO NPs and Ag and single-walled carbon nanotubes electrodes.
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predesigned functions (e.g., shape-morphing, navigating, Therefore, the unique advantages of 3D printing and
sensing, and providing feedback). Although various bioprinting techniques, such as the high compatibility of
manufacturing techniques, such as molding, stamping, materials, the flexibility of building complex constructs,
etching, filament winding, and cutting, have been used, and the capacity for engineering living systems, turn out
processing responsive biomaterials and living units to to be compelling.
obtain smart constructs with acceptable quality (e.g.,
high resolution, heterogeneous composition, complex Numerous intelligent materials, including shape memory,
architecture, and good viability) remain challenging. photovoltaic, photochemical, electroactive, magnetostrictive,

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 246 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.638