Page 249 - IJB-9-1

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing of smart constructs for precise medicine

through engineered tissues and tissue-like constructs , highlights the variability in the selection of biomaterial
[82]
allowing for the in situ manipulation of materials and cells. inks for precision medicine.
Ultrasound can be employed with high biocompatibility
by managing the duration and intensity of the stimulating 3.6. Magnetic stimulation
ultrasound [104] . Therefore, the design of tissue structures Magnetically responsive biomaterials have been
capable of cellular control using ultrasound stimuli introduced into biomedicine to improve the biological
is a promising area in the field of tissue engineering activity of cells, tissues, and organs [109] . This is mainly
approaches. due to their responsiveness to external magnetic fields.
One strategy to create ultrasound-responsive This stimulation remotely regulates the biochemical and
biomaterial inks involves incorporating acoustic- physical-mechanical properties toward native tissues
[109]
responsive delivery particles into the biomaterial ink. and organs . Several outcomes have demonstrated that
The sustained delivery of certain growth factors might magnetic biomaterial inks can function as superior drug
[11]
[82]
benefit effective tissue regeneration [105] . Kennedy et al. release and targeted systems. Gao et al. developed a
demonstrated that ultrasound-burstable capsules with magnetic biomaterial ink based on ferromagnetic vertex
high retention could be integrated into bulk biomaterial domain iron oxide. The result demonstrated that the
inks for controlled release. Alginate-based capsules developed magnetic ink could remarkably suppress the
with a 4 mm diameter were formulated for loading the local recurrence of breast tumors. In addition, Manjua
[110]
nanoparticle-based payload solutions. The formulated et al. developed a magnetically responsive PVA
alginate capsules showed near-complete retention of the hydrogel that could be activated by an on/off magnetic
gold nanoparticle (AuNP) payload for 7 days. The ability to field to regulate motility and sorption non-invasively. This
rupture weak capsules with lower-intensity ultrasound was magnetism-based biomaterial can be used as a promising
prepared
[111]
drug delivery system or biosensor. Chen et al.
evaluated while ensuring sustained release from stronger a novel magnetic biomaterial ink by combining self-
walled capsules. AuNPs were further modified with BMP2
to better induce osteogenic differentiation. healing chitosan/alginate biomaterial inks with magnetic
gelatin microspheres.
Ultrasound stimulation can be employed to control
crosslinks within a biomaterial ink, which can influence Most studies on this topic have evaluated magnetic
the release profile [106,107] . As an example, Huebsch et al. [106] nanoparticle (MNP) incorporated hydrogels for bone
[112]
addressed this issue by formulating an ionically cross-linked regeneration . Since hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the well-
qualified inorganic component of native bone tissue, a
alginate biomaterial ink to which ultrasound exposure magnetic HAP composite biomaterial ink was fabricated
could increase the drug release rate, facilitating repeated for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Specifically,
release. Ultrasound stimulation enables the degradation of nano-HAP-coated γ-Fe O nanoparticles (m-nHAPs)
the guluronic acid chains of alginate polymers, increasing were formulated and then added into a PVA solution.
3
2
the payload release. When the ultrasound was completed, As a result, PVA exhibits excellent biocompatibility, slow
the crosslinks were reformed through the calcium binding. biodegradation, and excellent mechanical properties,
It eventually reduces the release rate. Furthermore, they which are essential for personalized application. The pore
exhibited the pulse release of ECM-binding cytokine sizes of the hydrogels gradually increased, followed by
and stromal cell-derived factor-1. Biomaterial inks that an increase in m-nHAP content. The proliferation and
allow ultrasound-induced growth factor release provide a function of human osteoblasts were significantly enhanced
method for personalized remote control of bioactive cues when the concentration of m-nHAP increased. Zhang
from engineered constructs, which can lead to optimal et al. also studied magnetic biomaterial ink for enhanced
[16]
tissue regeneration depending on the bodily conditions of cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, PVA-conjugated
patients. Fe O MNPs were prepared using the grafting-on method.
4
3
In addition to photothermal-activated biomaterial Subsequently, it was mixed with a hybrid biomaterial ink
inks, ultrasound-activated reactions are unique candidates (MagGel) composed of PEG, HA, and type II collagen using
of biomaterial ink sources for precision medicine. a mechanical method. The in vitro results showed that the
Specifically, ultrasound can be used as an energy source MagGel lost its structural integrity after incubation at 37°C
to control a fabricated construct remotely. Habibi et al. [108] for 21 days. The findings demonstrated that the magnetic
demonstrated the 3D printing of structures using acoustic nanocomposite biomaterial ink had a microstructure and
cavitation through the concentrated ultrasound and chemical components similar to those of natural hyaline
showed its potential by printing ear and nose constructs. cartilage and supported bone mesenchymal stem cell
This finding based on ultrasound-activated reactions behavior in vitro.

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 241 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.638