Page 16 - IJB-9-2

International Journal of Bioprinting Extrusion-based biomaterial inks

Systems, respectively. They are derived from the basement
membrane matrix of Engelbreth Holm Swarm mouse
Bioprint conductive vascularized cardiac patches for subcutaneous implantation [147]
Bioprint multicell-laden scaffolds containing bone morphogenic pritein-4 for bone
defect repair [103] , bioprint human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated with pep-
sarcoma. These commercial dECMs contain a variety of
protein components and active growth factors in ECM,
such as collagen, laminin, glycan, epidermal growth factor,
transforming growth factor, etc., and can promote cell
proliferation and differentiation; these attributes justify
why they are the first choice for 3D cell culture matrix
gel. They are liquid at 4°C, reach a gel-like consistency at
room temperature, and form a solidified gel at 37°C with
a temperature-sensitive crosslinking mechanism similar to
collagen. They can be used for extrusion-based bioprinting
by controlling the temperature through the temperature-
dependent gel crosslinking method. This requires the
tide-modified PEG microgels [101] Bioprint heart tissue constructs [105] Bioprint conductive neural tissue constructs [112] Bioprint cellularized scaffolds with bioactive glasses [115] Bioprint multi-cellular scaffolds with high mechanical strength [80] Bioprint bone scaffolds for in vivo implantation [123] Bioprint bone mineral tissue constructs [126] Bioprint conductive scaffolds for neural tissue constructs [87] printer to be equipped with h
to a temperature control system to ensure that the printing
cartridge is at a relatively low temperature and facilitate
the extrusion of matrix gel. Extrusion-based bioprinted
individual cells can form spheroids in Matrigel ink with
only a single-layer patterned structure
. It is difficult
[128]
Application to form a 3D structure because the solidification time of
matrix gel (from liquid to gel) takes about 30 minutes ,
[16]
resulting in the incomplete solidification between the
printed layers and causing difficulties in stacking. Human
mammary epithelial M10 cells encapsulated within
Matrigel were successfully extruded at 0°C to 4°C , yet
[32]
Function Mechanical sup- port > printability Mechanical sup- port > printability Mechanical support Mechanical support Mechanical support Bioactivity > mechanical support Printability Bioactivity Bioactivity the construct structure was very simple and has the poor
uniformity of filaments width. However, alginate/gelatin
ink composited with low-concentration Matrigel has been
bioprinted at room temperature to construct patient-
derived gastric adenocarcinoma tissue models that support
Blending [103] /single [101] Single [111] /blending [112] Single [45] /blending [116] Single [118] /blending [80] spheroid growth and expansion .
[30]
3.1.3. Collagen

Form Blending Blending Blending Blending Blending Collagen, derived from ECM, is composed of three
polypeptide chains that form a triple helix structure.
Collagen, a bioactive material, contains some adhesion
motifs as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) for the
interaction between cells and ECM. Collagen type I is the
Crosslinking factor Temperature Temperature Temperature Self-assembly most abundant among the 27 types of collagen. Acidic
collagen type I solution is neutralized by sodium hydroxide
Light
Light
at low temperature and forms a gel when the temperature
-
-
-
rises to 37°C. Collagen alone, which is used as biomaterial
ink, cannot be easily patterned in a desired 3D shape.
Description Synthetic hydrogel Synthetic thermoplastic polymer Inorganic materials Semiconductor Blending it with other biomaterial inks can improve the
printability. The printing fidelity and stability of bioprinted
constructs can be improved by adding agarose into
collagen . Blending Pluronic with a low concentration
[40]
Table 1. Continued Material PEG PEGDA PCL PLA PLGA Hydroxyapatite nanoclay Polypyrrole Carbon nano- tube of collagen improves the printability of collagen and
makes the extrusion-based bioprinted constructs in the
desired solid shape after thermal crosslinking . Another
[41]
way is to use a support bath to achieve extrusion-based
bioprinting of collagen. For example, Lee et al. presented

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2023) 8 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i2.649