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International Journal of Bioprinting Decellularized materials for bioprinting of liver constructs

Figure 7. (a) Schematic of the dual printing process using pure dECM and dECM with Pluronic F-127. (b) Influences of strut with different widths on
the alignment of ductal structure. Cholangiocyte duct structures (green) and collagen fibrils. (c) Hepatocyte/cholangiocyte co-culture and formation of
biliary structure after 7 days. Images were reproduced from ref. [128] , with copyright permission. (d and e) Characteristics of bioprinted HepG2 constructs
based using decellularized materials based bioink. (f and g) 2D printing patterns and 3D hybrid structures. (h) Cell viability of BMMSCs and (i) HepG2
cells on day 7.

comprised of the porcine liver-derived acellular matrix, the past several years, bioprinting has been widely explored
gelatin, polyethylene glycol, and tyrosine [132] . The authors in the biofabrication of human spare parts, and some of the
used gelatin as a rheology enhancer, polyethylene glycol printed structures are already in the distinct clinical phases
as a crosslinker, and mushroom tyrosinase for enzymatic (e.g., hydroxyapatite bone, cartilage, ear, and nose) [133-135] .
crosslinking and mechanical integrity improvement of the In the current scenario, considering bioprinting
bioprinted constructs. To ensure maximum cell viability technology as an option to manufacture transplantable
and proliferation, they embedded HepG2 in the bioink tissue/organs is far too optimistic. Multicellular
solution and maintained the printed structures for 1 week. biological structures (e.g., liver) are highly complex with
The results demonstrated that the printed structures were built-in hierarchical organizations and zonations, and
able to maintain HepG2 survival and liver-specific function 3D-bioprinted equivalents must replicate key anatomical
for 1 week. and morphological features. To date, bioprinting has been

4. Future outlook and perspectives used to print a variety of tissue architectures (parts of the
liver, heart, nephron, lung, muscle, cartilage, and kidney)
3D bioprinting offers tremendous potential necessary to or cancer models. However, despite some achievements,
overcome the obstacles associated with conventional tissue several key challenges still need to be addressed, especially
engineering and regenerative medicine approaches. This in the biofabrication of extremely complex tissue/organs.
transformative technology possesses several advantages It is worth noting that many bioprinted constructs are
essential to control the spatiotemporal orientation of cell- commonly used as in vitro models for basic developmental,
laden bioprinted constructs for clinical translation. Over morphogenetic, pharmacokinetic, and drug response

Volume 9 Issue 3 (2023) 349 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.714