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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D cell culture model for neural cell analysis

Table 2. Viability assessment of C6 astrocyte-like cells for various 3D model particles
Culture time
Model particles
Day 1 Day 3 Day 5
CoCrMo (0.5 μm per cell) 2.2 ± 0.09 6.0 ± 0.13 11.0 ± 0.24
3
CoCrMo (5 μm per cell) 2.7 ± 0.12 6.3 ± 0.21 11.0 ± 0.2
3
CoCrMo (50 μm per cell) 2.6 ± 0.17 6.0 ± 0.15 11.1 ± 0.66
3
PEEK-OPTIMA™ 0.42 ± 0.06 0.72 ± 0.06 1.1 ± 0.09
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Ceridust 3615 0.25 ± 0.02 0.46 ± 0.04 1.0 ± 0.14
ZTA 0.39 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.02 0.52 ± 0.02
Notes: Data expressed as mean (±95% CI) luminescent values (×10 RLU), determined by means of ATP assay.
6
Abbreviations: CoCrMo: Cobalt–chromium–molybdenum; PEEK: Polyetheretherketone; ZTA: Zirconia-toughened alumina.

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Ceridust 3615 and ZTA (p = 0.9). Notably, our post hoc PEEK-OPTIMA™ (p = 0.007), Ceridust 3615 (p = 0.002),
analysis revealed a significant difference in cell viability and ZTA (p = 0.005) 3D model particles. No significant
between PEEK-OPTIMA™ and ZTA model particles (p = differences in the viability of NG108-15 cells were found
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0.021), where the cell viability was significantly lower after between PEEK-OPTIMA™, Ceridust 3615, and ZTA
exposure to ZTA particles compared to PEEK-OPTIMA™ model particles (p < 0.71). Furthermore, the viability of
particles (Figure 5c). NG108-15 cells varied significantly across culture time
Using the same approach, we also assessed the viability points (p < 0.001), with a progressive increase from Day 1
of NG108-15 cells. Our statistical analysis revealed a (5.2 ± 0.19) to Day 3 (10.1 ± 0.18), followed by a significant
marginally significant interaction between culture time decrease on Day 5 (8.7 ± 0.18) (Figure 5e).
and biomaterial type (p < 0.051, Figure 5d). Both culture The proliferation of C6 astrocyte-like and NG108-
time and biomaterial type significantly influenced the 15 cells across all 3D model particles was qualitatively
viability of neuronal NG108-15 cells (p < 0.01; Figure 5e evaluated (Figure 6) and compared to the negative control
and f). Additionally, the post hoc analysis indicated that cell (C6 astrocyte-like cell-only 3D-bioprinted hydrogel).
viability was significantly lower for CoCrMo compared to Qualitative assessment of cell viability, visualized using

Figure 5. Estimated marginal means of cell viability, determined by means of ATP assay. (a, d) Interaction effects between culture duration and biomaterial
type; (b, e) main effect of culture time; and (c, f) 3D model particles (material types) effects on the viability of C6 astrocyte-like cells (top) and NG108-
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15 cells (bottom). PEEK-OPTIMA™ and Ceridust 3615 3D model particles were incorporated at a concentration of 100 μm³ per cell, whereas ZTA and
CoCrMo model particles were introduced at 50 μm³ per cell. Abbreviations: CoCrMo: Cobalt–chromium–molybdenum; PEEK: Polyetheretherketone;
ZTA: Zirconia-toughened alumina.

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 266 doi: 10.36922/IJB025180174