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International

Journal of Bioprinting

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Immunomodulation and bone repair of

3D-printed SrBG/PCL scaffolds with PDA coating

Qiping Huang 1,2† id , Xiang Li 1† id , Qinghong Fan 1† id , Qian Du 1 id ,
* ,
Guangquan Zhao 1,2 id , Yuanhao Lv 1,2 id , Yixiao Wang 1 id , Weikang Xu 2,3,4 id
and Qingde Wa *
1 id
1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,
Zunyi, Guizhou, China
2 Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangdong
Chinese Medicine Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center,
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Electronic Instruments and Materials,
Guangdong Institute of Medical Instruments, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
4 National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangdong Institute of Medical
Instruments, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

† These authors contributed equally Abstract
to this work.
3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds are widely used for bone tissue
*Corresponding authors: engineering but suffer from deficiencies, such as difficulty in cell adhesion, lack of
Weikang Xu
(759200816@qq.com) osteogenic activity, and poor immunomodulatory capacity. Enhancing the biological
Qingde Wa responsiveness of PCL scaffolds remains a key focus in bone tissue engineering. In
(wqd887zsy@126.com) this study, the following three types of scaffolds were prepared: (i) PCL, (ii) strontium
Citation: Huang Q, Li X, Fan Q, (Sr)-doped bioactive glass (SrBG)/PCL, and (iii) polydopamine (PDA)/SrBG/PCL. The
et al. Immunomodulation and bone scaffolds were assayed in vitro for their effect on the expression of osteoinductive
repair of 3D-printed SrBG/PCL differentiation markers (ALP, RUNX2, and COL1), and their influence on macrophage
scaffolds with PDA coating.
Int J Bioprint. 2025;11(4):350-377. (MP) (CD206, ARG, TNF-α, IL1β, IL-10, and IL-12) behavior was evaluated. Their effect on
doi: 10.36922/IJB025210211 bone defect repair was assessed in vivo using micro-computed tomography (micro-
Received: March 4, 2025 CT), hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, and immunofluorescence
Revised: May 21, 2025 staining (iNOS, CD163, BMP-2, and VEGF). The results demonstrated that PDA/SrBG/
Accepted: June 5, 2025 PCL scaffolds significantly promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation
Published online: June 6, 2025 of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), inhibited the differentiation
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). of MPs to the M1 phenotype, and promoted the differentiation of MPs to the M2
This is an Open Access article phenotype, resulting in better pro-osteogenic, immunomodulatory, and angiogenic
distributed under the terms of the
+
Creative Commons Attribution effects in vivo. This observation may be associated with the release of Sr² from SrBG,
License, permitting distribution, and surface modification with PDA further enhanced the immunomodulation and
and reproduction in any medium, bone repair ability of the scaffold. The study demonstrated that the PDA/SrBG/PCL
provided the original work is
properly cited. scaffolds exhibit excellent bone repair capabilities and hold strong potential for
applications in bone tissue engineering.
Publisher’s Note: AccScience
Publishing remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional Keywords: 3D printing; Bone repair; Immunomodulation; Polycaprolactone;
affiliations. Polydopamine; Strontium-doped bioglass

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 350 doi: 10.36922/IJB025210211