Page 42 - IJPS-11-6

International Journal of
Population Studies Gender gaps in reporting limitations

* s = h β + β εε+ x s , s ~ (0,N σ ) (IV) 3. Results
2
i 0 i i i
3.1. Rating of vignettes’ work limitations in the U.S.
s
v
We assume that ε is independent of x and ε ; and and Europe
i
i
ij
this latent variable is linked to the observed work limitation
severity categories as follows: Table 1 presents some differences between the U.S. HRS
and European SHARE samples. HRS respondents were
s = kif µ h k −1 ≤ * s < h µ k ,k = … 1, ,5
i i i i (V) slightly older and reported more health issues, daily
activity limitations, and depressive symptoms, while
5
0
2
1
where , and and . We SHARE respondents appeared generally healthier. In
5
i
i
i
i
i
assume that respondents use same response scales to 2004, more SHARE participants had less than a high
k
classify the vignettes and their own work limitation, so µ school education, but by 2006, higher education levels had
i
here are the same as the cut-points in Equation III of the increased. Employment rose modestly in the HRS but more
vignette component. All analyses included the set of sharply in SHARE, likely due to a younger sample. Race
covariates abovementioned and were performed with the data, available only in HRS, showed a predominantly non-
Stata package. Hispanic White population. Overall, the HRS sample was
Table 1. Sample distribution of study variables, HRS 2004 and 2007, SHARE 2004 and 2006
Demographics 2004 HRS 2007 HRS 2004 SHARE 2006 SHARE
Mean or % Mean or % Mean or % Mean or %
% Women 58.4 60.4 55.5 56.2
Mean age 63.71 (9.41) 64.63 (10.60) 63.45 (9.95) 57.88 (5.68)
Education
% Less than high school 20.4 16.3 35.0 18.1
% High School 35.6 34.5 18.7 19.2
% Some college 21.4 23.7 27.7 37.3
% College+ 22.5 25.3 18.6 25.3
Race
% Non-Hispanic White 75.9 77.9
% Non-Hispanic Black 14.3 11.2
% Non-Hispanic other 2.3 2.4
% Hispanic 7.5 8.4
Health
% High blood pressure 49.9 49.8 29.3 28.7
% Diabetes 17.1 16.3 9.0 7.9
% Cancer 11.8 12.6 5.5 3.4
% Lung problems 7.9 7.1% 5.0 3.4
% Heart conditions 19.1 19.5% 11.9 7.2
% Arthritis 51.9 51.5% 20.7 16.9
Mean CESD score 1.35 (1.95) 1.35 (1.90) 1.98 (2.32) 1.44 (2.00)
% Obesity 30.1 30.0 16.6 20.9
Mean number of ADL limitations 0.22 (0.71) 0.19 (0.62) 0.13 (0.53) 0.08 (0.40)
Employment
% Currently employed 45.9 49.9 33.4 53.6
No. observations 3.059 4.530 4.378 4.552
Note: Numbers in the parentheses are standard deviations.
Abbreviations: SHARE: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe; HRS: Health and Retirement Study.

Volume 11 Issue 6 (2025) 36 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1969