Page 47 - IJPS-11-6

International Journal of
Population Studies Gender gaps in reporting limitations

Table 4. Estimated coefficients for work limitation, with and without adjustments for reporting heterogeneity, the Health and
Retirement Study 2004 and 2007
Without reporting adjustments With reporting adjustments
2004 2007 2004 2007
Women −0.183*** −0.317*** −0.065 −0.219***
Other demographics
Ages 56 – 60 0.125 0.025 0.087 0.040
Ages 61 – 65 −0.063 −0.062 −0.051 −0.039
Ages 66 – 70 −0.255*** −0.178*** −0.250*** −0.138*
Race
Non-Hispanic Black 0.336*** 0.005 0.129 −0.005
Non-Hispanic other 0.245 0.220 0.122 0.182
Hispanic 0.082 0.104 −0.071 0.182*
Education
Less than high school 0.204** 0.056 0.268*** 0.210***
Some college 0.002 −0.001 0.020 0.069
College+ −0.199*** −0.232*** −0.201** −0.223***
Health
High blood pressure 0.106* 0.191*** 0.077 0.151***
Diabetes 0.301*** 0.233*** 0.252*** 0.242***
Cancer 0.109 0.160** 0.172* 0.224***
Lung problems 0.583*** 0.745*** 0.632*** 0.753***
Heart conditions 0.648*** 0.38*** 0.599*** 0.464***
Arthritis 0.495*** 0.678*** 0.485*** 0.611***
CESD score 0.191*** 0.171*** 0.168*** 0.178***
Obesity 0.28*** 0.283*** 0.264*** 0.261***
Number of ADL limitations 0.613*** 0.496*** 0.533*** 0.447***
Employment
Currently employed −1.004*** −0.733*** −0.931*** −0.711***
Constant −2.43 −2.829 −2.464 −2.955
Vignette equation
vignette 2 −1.601*** −1.472*** −1.65*** −1.499***
vignette 3 0.493*** −0.078*** 0.522*** −0.08***
vignette 4 −1.196*** −0.892*** −1.222*** −0.904***
vignette 5 −1.155*** −0.831*** −1.188*** −0.844***
vignette 6 −1.805*** −1.607*** −1.853*** −1.635***
vignette 7 −0.829*** −0.627*** −0.867*** −0.637***
vignette 8 −0.529*** −0.594*** −0.556*** −0.605***
vignette 9 0.209*** 0.242*** 0.219*** 0.249***
sigma 1.302*** 1.327*** 1.288*** 1.339***
mu1 −2.108*** −2.483*** (See Table 2 for mu1-mu4)
mu2 −1.076*** −1.455***
mu3 −0.074*** −0.283***
mu4 1.193*** 1.028***
Log pseudo-likelihood −38691 −56400 −37978 −55919
Notes: The coefficients were obtained using a hierarchical ordered probit model. The reference age group is ages 50 – 55. The reference for racial group
is non-Hispanic white. The reference education attainment category is high school. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
Abbreviations: AL: Activity of daily living; CESD: Center for epidemiological studies depression scale.

Volume 11 Issue 6 (2025) 41 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.1969