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Bruno Yempabou Lankoande

                             Conflict of Interest and Funding

                             No conflict of interest has been reported by the author

                             Acknowledgments
                             The author is particularly grateful to Bruno Masquelier who gave useful insights on indirect tech-
                             niques of mortality estimation. I also thank Philippe Bocquier, Abdramane Soura and Andrea Ver-
                             hulst for revising  the first draft  of this paper. Thanks are  also  given to researchers involved in
                             EMUIB’s project, who allowed me to have access to the data.

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