Page 21 - IJPS-4-1

Xiaorong Gu

Table 1. Weighted summary statistics (sample: Aged 22 or above).
Variables All respondents By hukou and gender
n Mean Rural female Rural male Urban female Urban male
Age 27,887 46.9 (0.09) 46.8 (0.16) 47.4 (0.17) 46.7 (0.21) 46.4 (0.21)
Ethnicity (Han=1) 27,854 0.92 (0.00) 0.90 (0.00) 0.91 (0.00) 0.94 (0.00) 0.95 (0.00)
Birth cohort 27,887
1946–1955 6,274 0.25 (0.00) 0.24 (0.01) 0.27 (0.01) 0.25 (0.01) 0.25 (0.01)
1956–1965 6,629 0.25 (0.00) 0.25 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 0.25 (0.01) 0.27 (0.01)
1966–1975 7,182 0.24 (0.00) 0.27 (0.01) 0.25 (0.01) 0.22 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01)
1976–1993 7,802 0.26 (0.00) 0.25 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 0.27 (0.01) 0.29 (0.01)
Education 27,862
≤Primary 9,060 0.33 (0.00) 0.56 (0.01) 0.39 (0.01) 0.13 (0.00) 0.09 (0.00)
Middle-high school 14,075 0.49 (0.00) 0.38 (0.01) 0.54 (0.01) 0.55 (0.01) 0.54 (0.01)
≥College 4,727 0.18 (0.00) 0.06 (0.00) 0.07 (0.00) 0.32 (0.01) 0.37 (0.01)
Years of schooling 27,862 9.18 (0.03) 5.55 (0.06) 8.23 (0.05) 11.36 (0.06) 12.02 (0.06)
Family SES
Urban hukou 27,871 0.41 (0.00) 0 0 1 1
Father’s education 26,590
≤Primary 18,867 0.71 (0.00) 0.81 (0.01) 0.82 (0.01) 0.56 (0.01) 0.56 (0.01)
Junior middle 4,294 0.16 (0.00) 0.13 (0.00) 0.12 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01)
≥High school 3,429 0.13 (0.00) 0.06 (0.00) 0.06 (0.00) 0.24 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01)
Father’s employment status 27,468
Full-time 8,730 0.33 (0.00) 0.14 (0.00) 0.14 (0.00) 0.62 (0.01) 0.61 (0.01)
Farming 15,172 0.53 (0.00) 0.74 (0.01) 0.74 (0.01) 0.23 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01)
Others 3,566 0.13 (0.00) 0.12 (0.00) 0.12 (0.00) 0.15 (0.01) 0.15 (0.01)
Region
East 10,583 0.38 (0.00) 0.29 (0.01) 0.28 (0.01) 0.52 (0.01) 0.51 (0.01)
Central 6,412 0.23 (0.00) 0.29 (0.01) 0.27 (0.01) 0.16 (0.01) 0.17 (0.01)
West 6,692 0.24 (0.00) 0.30 (0.01) 0.32 (0.01) 0.14 (0.01) 0.15 (0.01)
Northeast 4,200 0.15 (0.00) 0.13 (0.00) 0.13 (0.00) 0.18 (0.01) 0.17 (0.01)
Survey year
2012 wave 9,760 0.34 (0.00) 0.33 (0.01) 0.33 (0.01) 0.36 (0.01) 0.36 (0.01)
2013 wave 9,202 0.33 (0.00) 0.33 (0.01) 0.33 (0.01) 0.34 (0.01) 0.34 (0.01)
2015 wave 8,925 0.32 (0.00) 0.34 (0.01) 0.34 (0.01) 0.30 (0.01) 0.29 (0.01)

by birth cohort, we see that gender gaps in both rural and urban contexts are increasingly narrowed (results not shown).
For example, in the earliest cohort (1946–1955), the gap in average years of education between rural females and rural
males is about 2.6 years (3.5 vs. 6.08) and between urban females and urban males is 1.3 years (8.76 vs. 10.08). Among
the youngest cohort (1976–1993), the gaps are 0.75 and 0.12 years in rural and urban groups, respectively. Despite the
narrowing gender gap in years of schooling, large gaps exist between rural and urban respondents’ college attendance rates:
About 20% of rural men and women received at least college education, while almost 70% of their urban counterparts
were college graduates.
Family background indicators also exhibit pronounced urban-rural divides, due to the deep-entrenched hukou system.
Regarding father’s education, about 80% of rural respondents’ fathers only attended primary school or less, a rate 25%
higher than their urban counterparts did; the chances of rural respondents’ fathers having high school or more education
are merely one-fourth of those of their urban counterparts (6% vs. 24%). Regarding father’s employment status when the

International Journal of Population Studies | 2018, Volume 4, Issue 1 15