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Fertility limiting intention and contraceptive use among Indian men

Table 3. (Continued)
Background characteristics N Not using Modern methods Female sterilization Traditional methods P‑value
East 6,078 65.8 13.3 13.5 7.4
Northeast 3,677 53.5 26.3 7.7 12.5 0.000
West 4,448 76.8 8.1 13.7 1.4
South 4,668 79.3 3.2 16.3 1.2
Religious and cultural factors
Religion
Hindu 28,944 73.2 8.2 14.3 4.3
Muslim 4,512 70.0 15.2 9.2 5.6 0.000
Others or no religion 3,462 61.4 14.2 17.7 6.7
Caste
SCs/STs 12,513 71.7 8.0 15.5 4.8
OBCs 15,023 75.4 7.8 13.1 3.6 0.000
Others 7,603 68.1 12.6 13.7 5.6
Media exposure
No exposure 7,571 78.6 5.8 10.8 4.9
Any exposure 29,347 70.9 10.1 14.6 4.5 0.000
(1) P values are based on the Wald-Chi-square test from weighted multinomial logistic regression between each single factor and the outcome variable of fertility intention.
(2) SCs: Scheduled Caste; STs: Scheduled Tribes; OBCs: Other backward castes. (3) Percentage are weighted and number are unweighted. Cases may not be equal due to
missing values
contraceptive methods (79% vs. 72%); older men also had a mildly higher proportion of using female sterilization than
young men (15.6% for ages 40s, 12.8% for ages 30s vs. 7.1% for ages 20s).
The results for factors associated with using contraceptive methods used versus not-using among married men with 1+
child and not wishing to have more children are presented in Panel A of Table 4, and the results for factors associated with
using modern or female sterilization methods relative to the traditional method were presented in Panels B and C. The
results in Panels B and C were derived from multinomial logit analyses in terms of relative risk ratios (RRRs) among men
married men with 1+ child and not wishing to have more children. For the sake of simplicity and easiness of presentation
and the similarity between Models II to IV, only the results from Model I and Model IV are presented here. The results of
Models 0, II and III are presented in Appendix Table A1-A3.
For demographic factors, generally speaking, compared to their counterparts in ages 20s with 1+ child and wishing
to stop having any more child, men in ages 30s or 40s were associated with 50-54% higher odds of using contraceptive
methods (Model I in Panel A); and among those using contraception, men in ages 30s or 40s were associated with 47-79%
higher likelihood of using female sterilization relative to a traditional method compared to men in ages 20s (Model I in
Panel C). Such results were only slightly altered yet still significant even when adjusting for a wide array of covariates.
There was no difference in use of a modern method relative to a traditional method when all covariates were adjusted for,
although men in ages 30s were associated with higher likelihood of using a modern method. In comparison with men with
1 child, men with 2 or 3 children were associated 31% and 17% higher odds of using a contraceptive method and these
odds were enhanced when other factors were present, whereas men with 4+ children were associated with 18% lower odds
of using a method yet not significant when other factors were adjusted for. Among men using a contraceptive method,
men with more children were associated with higher likelihood of using female sterilization instead of a traditional
method. There was no difference in relative risk between using a modern method and using a traditional method for men
of different children, especially when other covariates were adjusted for. Men with all daughters were associated with
17% lower odds of using a contraceptive method and such lower odds ratio was mildly reduced to 11% yet still significant
when all study variables were controlled for. In comparison with men with all sons, men with other compositions of
children’s sex were associated with lower likelihood of using female sterilization instead of a tradition method and such
patterns were robust when other factors were present.
In terms of socio-economic characteristics, although men with more education were associated with higher odds of
using a contraception without controlling for any other factor (see Model 0 in Appendix Table A1), these associations

10 International Journal of Population Studies | 2021, Volume 7, Issue 1