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Fertility limiting intention and contraceptive use among Indian men

Table 4. (Continued)
Background characteristics Panel A Panel B Panel C
Any method versus not Modern versus Female sterilization versus
using (ORs) traditional (RRRs) traditional (RRRs)
Model I Model IV Model I Model IV Model I Model IV
Caste
SCs/STs (others) 0.89** 1.06 1.35***
OBCs (others) 0.83*** 1.09 1.21**
Social media exposure
Any media exposure (no) 1.33*** 1.42*** 1.45***
N 36,918 35,086 10,562 9,900 10,562 9,900
-log likelihood 21,922.47 20,176.52 10,563.26 8,889.04 10,563.26 8,889.03
(1) The relative risk ratios based on multinomial logit models after taking traditional method as the base group. (2) Category is the parentheses reference group.
SCs/STs: Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes; OBCs: Other backward castes. (3) “N” is different due to missing values in the predictors (caste and occupation). (4) *P < 0.05,
**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

were not significant when demographic and other socio-economic factors or other factors were controlled for (see Model
II in Appendix Table A1 and Model IV in Panel A in Table 4). Nevertheless, men with higher education were associated
with lower likelihood of using female sterilization and higher likelihood of using a modern method instead of a traditional
method. Compared to manual workers, men in other occupational categories were associated lower 17-31% odds of
using a contraception in Model IV (Panel A), but they were associated with higher likelihood of using a modern method
instead of a traditional method (except for men in the services sector) (Panel B), and men in agricultural sector were
associated with higher likelihood of using female sterilization (Panel C). The higher income the higher the odds of using
a contraception; however, there was no difference in using a specific method: Modern, traditional, or female sterilization.
When no other factor was present, men in rural areas were associated with 7% lower odds of using a contraception
(Model 0 in Appendix Table A1). However, when demographic and socioeconomic factors were present, men in rural
areas were associated with 14% higher odds of using a contraception (Panel A), but they were associated with 21% lower
likelihood of using a modern method instead of traditional method (Panel B). Compared to men in Northern India, men
in other parts were associated with lower odds of using a contraception when no other factor was adjusted for (Model 0
in Appendix Table A1). Such patterns did not change with one exception for Northeastern India when all study variables
were controlled for (Panel A in Table 4). Among men using a method, compared to men in Northern India, men in Central,
Eastern, and Northeastern India were 23-39% lower likely to use a modern method and 41-85% lower likely to use female
sterilization relative to using a traditional method, whereas men in Western India were 82% and 179% more likely to use
a modern method or female sterilization relative to using a traditional method. For men in Southern India, they were 3.32
times more likely to use female sterilization relative to using a traditional method than men in Northern India, although
men in these two regions had no difference in using a modern method relative to using a traditional method.
From the perspective religion and caste types, compared to men of Hindu, men of Muslim, and other religions were
associated with 9% and 41% higher odds of using a method when no other factor was present (Model 0 in Appendix
Table A1). However, when demographic and socio-economic factors and caste type were controlled for, men of Muslim
were associated with 9% lower odds of using a contraception. The higher odds associated with men of other religions or
no religion was also reduced to 10%. Overall, these findings suggest men of other religions or no religion was more likely
to use a contraceptive method. When men choosing to use a contraceptive method, men of Muslim in comparison with
men of Hindu were 44% more likely to use female sterilization yet 65% less likely to use a modern method instead of
using a traditional method. Although men of other religions or no religion were 31% less likely to use female sterilization
compared to men of Hindu (Model 0 in Appendix Table A3), such difference was not significant when demographic and
socio-economic factors were controlled for (Panel C in Table 4). Compared to men in other categories, men in SCs/STs
and OBCs were associated with 11% and 17% lower odds of using a method. There is no difference between these three
groups of the sample in using a modern method relative to using a traditional method when demographic and socio-
economic factors were adjusted for, but men in SCs/STs and OBCs were 35% and 20% likely to use female sterilization
relative to a traditional method compared to me in others.
Finally, compared with men without social media exposure, men with social media exposure were associated with
33% higher odds of using a contraceptive method when all other variables were controlled for. The former was also 42%

12 International Journal of Population Studies | 2021, Volume 7, Issue 1