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           emergence of NP.  Animal models were used                   Prevents Development of Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat
           to  better  define  the  therapy  objectives  and  to       Model of  Chronic  Neuropathy,  but  not  in  a Model  of  Chronic
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           comprehend the pathophysiological mechanisms.        [4]    Mao, J.; Price, D.D.; Mayer, D.J.; Lu, J.; Hayes, R.L. Intrathecal
           Given that agmatine has numerous targets that               MK-801  and  Local  Nerve  Anesthesia  Synergistically  Reduce
           are  likewise  implicated in NP  and  open  up              Nociceptive Behaviors in Rats with Experimental Peripheral
                                                                       Mononeuropathy. Brain Res., 1992, 576(2), 254–62.
           novel therapeutic possibilities, there have been     [5]    Moncada, S.; Higgs, A. Mechanisms of Disease: The L-arginine-
           numerous  scientific  studies  on  the  impact  of   [6]    nitric Oxide Pathway. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329(27), 2002–12.
                                                                       Rodrigo, J.; Springall, D.R.; Uttenthal, O.; Bentura, M.L.;
           agmatine on NP. Agmatine has a high safety profile          Abadia-Molina, F.; Riveros-Moreno,  V.; Martinez-Murillo, R.;
           and has not been demonstrated to negatively affect          Polak, J.M.; Moncada, S. Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in
           behavior, locomotion, or cardiovascular systems             the Adult Rat Brain. Philos.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 1994,
                                                                       345(1312), 175–221.
           in naive animals.  According to experimental         [7]    Önal, A.; Delen, Y.; Ülker, S.; Soykan, N. Agmatine Attenuates
           investigations, agmatine has shown considerable             Neuropathic Pain in Rats: Possible Mediation of Nitric Oxide and
                                                                       Noradrenergic Activity in the Brainstem and Cerebellum. Life Sci.,
           potential  for  the  development  of  effective             2003, 73(4), 413–28.
           treatment for this illness.                          [8]    Rahangdale, S.; Fating, R.; Gajbhiye, M.; Kapse, M.; Inamdar, N.;
                                                                       Kotagale, N.; Umekar, M.; Taksande, B. Involvement of Agmatine
           Acknowledgments                                             in Antidepressant-like Effect of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in
                                                                       Mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2021, 892, 173739.
                                                                [9]    Taksande, B.G.; Kotagale, N.R.;  Tripathi, S.J.; Ugale, R.R.;
           None.                                                       Chopde,  C.T. Antidepressant  Like  Effect  of  Selective  Serotonin
                                                                       Reuptake Inhibitors Involve Modulation of Imidazoline Receptors
           Funding                                              [10]   by Agmatine. Neuropharmacol, 2009, 57(4), 415–24.
                                                                       Courteix, C.; Privat,  A.M.; Pélissier,  T.; Hernandez,  A.;
                                                                       Eschalier,  A.;  Fialip,  J.  Agmatine  Induces  Antihyperalgesic
           None.                                                       Effects  in  Diabetic  Rats  and  a  Superadditive  Interaction  with  R
                                                                       (–)-3-(2-Carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-Propyl-1-Phosphonic acid, a
           Conflict of interest                                        N-Methyl-D-aspartate-receptor  Antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp.
                                                                       Ther., 2007, 322(3), 1237–45.
           The authors declare no conflicts of interest.        [11]   Aglawe, M.M.; Taksande, B.G.; Kuldhariya, S.S.; Chopde, C.T.;
                                                                       Umekar, M.J.; Kotagale, N.R. Participation of Central Imidazoline
                                                                       Binding Sites in Antinociceptive Effect of Ethanol and Nicotine in
           Author contributions                                        Rats. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 2014, 28(3), 284–93.
                                                                [12]   Kale, M.; Nimje, N.; Aglawe, M.M.; Umekar, M.; Taksande, B.;
           Conceptualization: Mayur Kale                               Kotagale, N. Agmatine Modulates Anxiety and Depression-like
           Visualization: Madhura Dixit, Manish Aglawe                 Behaviour in Diabetic Insulin-resistant Rats. Brain Res.,  2020,
           Writing – original draft: Mrunali Dhokne             [13]   1747, 147045.
                                                                       Otake, K.; Ruggiero, D.A.; Regunathan, S.; Wang, H.; Milner, T.A.;
           Writing  – review  &editing:  Brijesh  Taksande,            Reis, D.J. Regional Localization of Agmatine in the Rat Brain: An
               Milind Umekar                                           Immunocytochemical Study. Brain Res., 1998, 787(1), 1–14.
                                                                [14]   Dixit, M.; Upadhya, M.;  Taksande, B.; Raut, P.; Umekar, M.;
           Ethics approval and consent to participate                  Kotagale, N. Neuroprotective Effect of Agmatine in Mouse Spinal
                                                                       Cord Injury Model: Modulation by Imidazoline Receptors. J. Nat.
                                                                       Sci. Biol. Med., 2018, 9(2), 115–20.
           Not applicable.                                      [15]   Taksande, B.G.; Chopde, C.T.; Umekar, M.J.; Kotagale, N.R.
                                                                       Agmatine Attenuates Hyperactivity and Weight Loss Associated
           Consent for publication                                     with  Activity-based  Anorexia in Female Rats. Pharmacol.
                                                                       Biochem. Behav., 2015, 132, 136–41.
           Not applicable.                                      [16]   Kotagale, N.R.; Shirbhate, S.H.; Shukla, P.; Ugale, R.R. Agmatine
                                                                       Attenuates Neuropathic Pain in Sciatic Nerve Ligated Rats:
                                                                       Modulation by Hippocampal Sigma Receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol.,
           Availability of data                                        2013, 714(1-3), 424–31.
                                                                [17]   Kotagale, N.; Rahmatkar, S.; Chauragade, S.; Dixit, M.;
           Not applicable.                                             Umekar, M.; Chopde, C.;  Taksande, B. Involvement of
                                                                       Hippocampal Agmatine  in  β1-42  Amyloid Induced Memory
                                                                       Impairment, Neuroinflammation and BDNF Signaling Disruption
           References                                                  in Mice. NeuroToxicology. 2020, 80, 1–11.
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