Page 100 - ITPS-8-3

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Biomarkers for early heart risks in pre-eclampsia

(CV) problems for the affected individuals, in addition CVDs. Early subclinical atherosclerosis and increased rates
to making pregnancy more challenging. Compared to of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are common
women with normotensive pregnancies, individuals with in women with severe pre-eclampsia, and these conditions
a history of pre-eclampsia had a 2 – 4-fold increased hasten the degradation of the CV system. Crucially, the
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lifetime risk of having heart failure, ischemic heart disease, severity and timing of each biomarker during pregnancy
stroke, and chronic hypertension. Morbidity and death should be taken into consideration when performing
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can be considerably decreased by early identification of risk stratification. During and following pre-eclampsia, a
pre-eclampsia and the CV health risks it entails. Pre- number of new biomarkers/predictors have been identified
eclampsia is therefore a sentinel occurrence that can be (Table 1).
used to identify women who are later at risk of CV diseases
(CVDs). 3. Emerging biomarkers in pre-eclampsia
and CV risk
Pre-eclampsia has a complicated pathogenesis that
includes diminished placental angiogenesis, oxidative Our understanding of the pathophysiology of pre-
stress, endothelial dysfunction, and immunological eclampsia and its consequences on the CV system has
maladaptation. Although our understanding of the radically transformed as a result of biomarker research.
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molecular pathways has advanced significantly, early Angiogenic factors, metabolic indicators, and endothelial
diagnosis and risk assessment remain difficult. Improving dysfunction markers are biomarkers that have shown
the outcomes for mothers and newborns requires the promise in the early identification and risk classification of
search for novel and trustworthy diagnostic techniques pre-eclampsia. 13,14 Below is a list of some significant novel
and the exploration of biomarkers for identifying and biomarkers and descriptions of how they relate to CV
controlling CV risks related to pre-eclampsia. 9 health problems:

In this mini-review, we focus on biomarkers and 3.1. Metabolomics and lipidomics biomarkers
state-of-the-art diagnostic methods in pre-eclampsia that
are also predictive of long-term CV risk, with a focus on Metabolomics and lipidomics are emerging as
their role in early intervention and prevention of CVDs. groundbreaking methods for the early identification of
By integrating new advancements in omics technology, CV health risks in pre-eclampsia, a pregnancy syndrome
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), and marked by hypertension and organ failure. Novel metabolic
molecular imaging, this review aims to provide insights and lipid biomarkers that indicate the state of CV health
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into the most important indicators associated with long- have been discovered by advanced omics technologies.
term CV risk in women with pre-eclampsia. Modern omics methods enable comprehensive lipid
and metabolite profiling, revealing subtle biochemical
2. Biomarker predictors of long-term CV alterations connected to the onset and progression of
risk pre-eclampsia. Information regarding disrupted vascular
and metabolic pathways can be obtained through
One of the most important indicators of a woman’s long- metabolomics, including organic acids and amino acid
term CVD is pre-eclampsia. A promising method for derivatives, as well as specific lipids and lipid ratios. 16
identifying CV health problems early on is biomarker (i) Lipid peroxidation products. Pre-eclampsia is
profiling, which enables focused preventative measures. associated with increased levels of isoprostanes and
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Strong predictive value for CV outcomes has been shown malondialdehyde, which are indicators of oxidative
by biomarkers, such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 lipid damage
(sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), endothelin-1,
and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Endothelial (ii) Ceramides and sphingolipids. Atherosclerosis and
the risk of CVD are linked to dysregulated lipid
dysfunction is reflected in elevated sFlt-1/PlGF ratios metabolism in pre-eclampsia.
during pre-eclampsia, whereas vascular injury and
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decreased nitric oxide generation are associated with By enabling early diagnosis, risk assessment, and
ADMA. Particularly vulnerable are women who have customized treatment, these biomarkers may enhance
severe pre-eclampsia or early-onset pre-eclampsia, as CV maternal and fetal outcomes. Combining metabolomics
problems may appear 5 – 10 years after giving birth. These and lipidomics with state-of-the-art analytical
indicators’ continuous to rise after pregnancy indicates technologies, such as mass spectrometry and ML improves
ongoing inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and the predictive accuracy and mechanistic understanding of
endothelial damage, all of which greatly heighten the risk of CV risks linked to pre-eclampsia.

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 94 doi: 10.36922/itps.7839