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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Biomarkers for early heart risks in pre-eclampsia

Table 1. Categorization of pre‑eclampsia biomarkers/predictors
Pre‑eclampsia During pre‑eclampsia After pregnancy
Biomarkers/Predictors • Soluble fms‑like tyrosine kinase‑1 • Persistent hypertension
• Placental growth factor • Dyslipidemia
• Proteinuria • Insulin resistance
• Blood pressure • Increased body mass index (BMI)
Timing for assessment Evaluated during pregnancy (when preeclampsia first Evaluated after pregnancy (usually 6 weeks after delivery and
appears or is diagnosed) during annual follow-ups)
Associated risk insight Determines the severity and biomarker levels of women who Represents ongoing cardiovascular risk; changes might be
are at immediate and long-term cardiovascular risk brought on by interventions, aging, or changes in lifestyle
Intervention plan • Enhanced maternal monitoring during pregnancy • Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)
• Stabilization of blood pressure and proteinuria • Pharmacological intervention (e.g., antihypertensives, statins)
• Early delivery if necessary • Regular cardiovascular screenings
Instigation time During pregnancy, immediately upon diagnosis of Post-partum, beginning with the 6-week check-up and
preeclampsia continuing with follow-ups every year afterward
Potential impact Aids in predicting long-term risk and minimizing pregnancy Focuses on preventing long-term cardiovascular disease and
problems modifying risk

3.2. CV stress and myocardial injury biomarkers remodeling necessary for a healthy pregnancy depends on
angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic factors, such as vascular
Early detection and management of CV health risks in pre- 18
eclampsia depend on biomarkers for CV stress and myocardial endothelial growth factor and PlGF. Because these
variables are dysregulated and anti-angiogenic proteins such
injury. Pre-eclampsia poses major risks to the mother’s and as sFlt-1 are elevated, pre-eclampsia is linked to endothelial
the fetus’s health and may have long-term CV consequences. dysfunction and reduced placental blood flow. Decreased
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), high-sensitivity C-reactive PlGF and elevated sFlt-1 are early indicators of placental
protein (hs-CRP), and cardiac troponins are biomarkers dysfunction, which is crucial to the pathophysiology of
that provide information on endothelial dysfunction, pre-eclampsia and reflects an imbalance between the
inflammation, and myocardial stress. two factors. An anti-angiogenic condition linked to
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(i) N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide endothelial dysfunction and unfavorable outcomes in
(NT-proBNP). The risk of heart failure is indicated by pre-eclampsia is also reflected by an elevated sFlt-1/PlGF
elevated NT-proBNP in pre-eclampsia, which implies ratio. Elevated levels of soluble endoglin, a co-regulator
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myocardial strain. of angiogenesis, have been connected to hypertension and
(ii) Troponins. In situations of severe pre-eclampsia, vascular inflammation, making it a possible biomarker for
cardiac troponins are investigated due to their capacity identifying women who are at risk of CVDs. The sFlt-1/
to detect myocardial damage. PlGF ratio has demonstrated usefulness in predicting
These markers facilitate early identification, risk CV problems after pregnancy and differentiating pre-
assessment, and tracking the evolution of disease, allowing eclampsia from other hypertensive disorders.
for timely action to prevent adverse outcomes. Innovative Early detection of anomalies in these biomarkers can
diagnostic technologies that enhance the accuracy of lead to timely treatments and useful information regarding
biomarker assessment and offer real-time clinical decision CV risks. Emerging technologies, such as sophisticated
support include point-of-care assays and advanced biosensors and point-of-care diagnostic tools, provide
imaging modalities. Improved CV health outcomes for accurate quantification of angiogenic factors, aiding in risk
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pre-eclamptic women are made possible by predictive assessment and customized treatments. Incorporating these
algorithms, tailored medicine approaches, and biomarker indications into predictive algorithms may also improve
screening. This combination of biomarkers and technology outcomes for both mothers and fetuses and revolutionize
highlights the potential for transformative advancements the assessment of CV risk. Further investigations into new
in CV risk management and maternal-fetal medicine. medicines that target these pathways to mitigate the long-
term effects of pre-eclampsia on CV health are warranted.
3.3. Angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors
Pregnancy-specific pre-eclampsia, which is marked by 3.4. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers
organ malfunction and hypertension, poses serious health The disease’s defining characteristics include systemic
risks to both the mother and the fetus. The vascular inflammation and elevated oxidative stress, which worsen

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 95 doi: 10.36922/itps.7839