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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Robotics in modern surgery and critical operations

side cart with a boom mount for multi-quadrant surgery surgery, where neonates weighing as little as 2.2 kg can
without requiring extensive repositioning. 7 undergo treatments using this surgical technique. There
have been reports of adult patients who underwent head
2.2. Robotic-assisted transplant surgery and neck surgery using robotic systems. Transoral robotic

The use of robotics in transplant surgery is rapidly rising, surgery (TORS) for ablative cancer treatment of the larynx
particularly in procedures requiring high accuracy, and hypopharynx is gaining popularity. 13
precision, and efficacy. Despite concerns about ischemic Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas account for
time, the complexity of the surgical procedures, and the approximately 4% of all malignant neoplasms in the United
level of training required, robotic transplants have yielded States. Transoral laser microsurgery has been employed as
successful outcomes, particularly in obese patients. 8 a minimally invasive technique in head and neck surgeries.
In the 1990s, substantial advancements in robotic Since the introduction of the first surgical robot in 1985,
surgery were made in the field of kidney transplant surgery. numerous medical specialties, including cardiac surgery,
The development of accurate, minimally invasive robotic urology, general surgery, and gynecology, have found
surgical systems, such as the da Vinci system (Intuitive robotic systems to be valuable for enhancing surgical
Surgical, United States of America) has expanded the outcomes. TORS is a relatively new, minimally invasive
range of operations that can be performed, with kidney approach in head and neck surgery, offering reduced
9
transplants showing particularly promising results. This patient morbidity and mortality. TORS has been used for
method provides significant operational benefits, especially several years to treat oropharyngeal tumors in the early
when the operating field is deep and limited, and delicate stages (T1-2) at selected tumor centers. The technique
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dissection and micro-suturing are required. Several provides advantages such as enhanced visualization,
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surgeons have attempted to perform robotic-assisted better tumor access, and reduced morbidity, all of which
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kidney transplantation in various ways, marking it as a contribute to improved functional outcomes for patients.
new form of minimally invasive surgery. However, robotic A retrospective analysis of patients treated with TORS
surgery in organ donation is an advanced application of revealed positive outcomes in terms of survival rates,
the technique, requiring a high level of expertise from any organ function, and quality of life. However, comparisons
surgeon undertaking it. Musquera Felip et al. conducted between TORS and conventional treatment procedures are
10
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a prospective analysis of the 1 5 cases of robotic kidney infrequently addressed in clinical trials in this particular
st
transplantation through transvaginal access in 2021, field. Several studies have found that patients who
utilizing an Alexis retractor. There were no procedural underwent TORS experience a good quality of life. In a
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complications and conversion to an open approach was not more recent study, comparing open transcervical surgery
required. Both the uretero-vesical anastomosis and vaginal with TORS for patients with T1-4 hypopharyngeal tumors.
closure were performed robotically. After the surgery, the The results showed no significant difference in overall
kidney was placed extra-peritoneally. The median operation survival after 5 years between the two patient groups.
time was 220 min, with an average rewarming ischemia However, TORS-treated patients experienced improved
time of 53 min. Diuresis occurred immediately, and there post-operative swallowing function, shorter hospital stays,
were no intraoperative issues. The average hospitalization and faster recovery. In another retrospective study, patients
duration was nine days, with a mean serum creatinine level treated with TORS had longer disease-free survival than
of 1.5 mg/dL at discharge. Research from the past 20 years those treated with transoral laser microsurgery. 16
indicates a growing use of robotic technology in kidney
transplants, with encouraging and optimistic outcomes. 2.4. Robotic-assisted lung surgery
Since the first case, various surgical procedures have been Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) has become
described. Initially, ureter implantation was performed a significant focus in modern thoracic surgery. RATS
using the conventional open technique, while robotic is a minimally invasive technique that offers improved
platforms were primarily utilized for vascular anastomosis visibility, precise movements, and superior ergonomics
and dissection. 12 for the surgeon. RATS has been successfully used to
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treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. RATS is
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2.3. Robotic-assisted head and neck surgery
considered one of the most advanced, minimally invasive
According to estimates, head and neck cancer is responsible surgical platforms for lung resection, offering several
for approximately 350,000 deaths and 65,000 new cases advantages over other minimally invasive surgical systems,
annually worldwide, making it the sixth most frequent type such as enhanced visual haptics, seven degrees of freedom,
of cancer. Prior research on robotic pediatric surgery has and three-dimensional visualization. The use of robotic
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demonstrated its safety and low conversion rates to open systems in lung resection has been advocated as a means

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 14 doi: 10.36922/itps.4664