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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Robotics in modern surgery and critical operations

and excellent diagnostic yield (97.8%) of the technique. entry points and locking distal bolts. In clinical trauma
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Robotic applications in skull-based neurosurgery provide orthopedics, surgical robots are categorized into three
advantages such as better lighting and 3D visualization, categories: TiRobot, electromagnetic navigation surgical
replication of conventional gesture-based actions, and robots, and miniature medical robots developed by Beijing
the capacity for precise movements in narrow operating Jishuitan Hospital. Most trials have shown that the robotic
corridors. However, the limitations of the robot include group outperformed traditional methods in terms of blood
its enormous size, restricted angulation, high cost, and the loss, fluoroscopy time, and fluoroscopy frequency. The
lack of drilling components for fully robotic operations. benefits of robot-assisted surgery are evident: it is more
Robotic endoscope holders have proven particularly useful accurate, stable, and reduces radiation exposure during
in situations where a second surgeon or surgical assistant procedures. In the context of open and minimally invasive
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is not available. Robotic assistance in neurosurgery spinal fusion, robotic assistance has been demonstrated
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is particularly beneficial for procedures that involve to improve the precision of instrumentation placement.
extremely small operating spaces. Examples of robotic These improvements are achieved without increasing
use in neurosurgery include pedicle screw placement in hospital stays, blood loss, or operating time. Nevertheless,
spinal procedures, anatomical localization, the surgeon’s most research has focused on the degenerative population,
hand stabilization, and anatomical access plan to deep and the effectiveness of robotic assistance in treating spinal
brain targets. Several robotic systems are commonly injuries remains unknown. A study involving 42 patients
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utilized in neurosurgery, including Neuromate, Pathfinder, (mean age 61.3 ± 17.1 years; 47% female) who underwent
NeuroArm, SpineAssist, and Renaissance. Although robot-assisted spinal surgery was conducted. The patients
other surgical specialties may use robotic assistance were stratified based on the number of operation levels: 2
more frequently, neurosurgery is well-suited for the (n = 10), 3 – 4 (n = 11), 5 – 6 (n = 13), or >6 (n = 8). This
integration of robotic technology due to its technical and initial experience suggests that robotic assistance can be
microsurgical procedures, as well as its history of invention safely used in the population with spine trauma. Further
in stereotaxy. Since 2019, our hospital has performed studies with larger patient groups are needed to identify
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over 100 robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography which traumatic conditions are most suitable for robotic
and deep brain stimulation depth electrode implantations. support. 32
Residents and fellows are actively involved in the surgeries
and participate in all aspects of surgical planning and 2.8. Robotic-assisted obstetric and gynecologic
execution. It is emphasized that didactic seminars surgery
conducted by experienced faculty members are essential The invention of robotic surgery has enabled gynecologic
learning resources prior to gaining practical experience in surgeons to provide laparoscopic options to a much
the operating room. Survey findings suggest that residents larger percentage of their patient population. Surgeons
receive more intraoperative training than formal training with advanced laparoscopic skills can improve operative
sessions, while trainees gain more knowledge from efficiency for numerous procedures involved in benign
educational cadaveric simulation sessions. 29 gynecologic treatments, particularly after performing
50 or more cases. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic
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2.7. Robotic-assisted trauma surgery procedures in gynecology include lymph node dissections,
The stabilization of severely injured patients through sacrocolpopexies, benign hysterectomy, myomectomy,
teleoperative robotic assistance or autonomous robotic tubal reanastomoses, and radical hysterectomy. Numerous
surgery is gaining popularity, particularly among military recent studies feature case studies of various robotic
personnel. The trauma pod, a semi-automated telerobotic procedures. Comparative retrospective and prospective
surgical device, and its proof of concept were introduced studies have shown that this specific form of surgery
by Garcia et al. The use of teleoperation to perform is feasible. While robot-assisted gynecologic surgery
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bowel anastomosis and shunt insertion in major vessels, is frequently linked to longer operating room times, it
along with the ability to facilitate intraoperative computed generally results in similar clinical outcomes, reduced blood
tomography scanning, was demonstrated on a mannequin loss, and shorter hospital stays, although individual studies
patient. This robot’s autonomous robotic arms could vary. As more gynecologic surgeons receive training and
potentially function as circulation and scrub nurses, which as patients increasingly seek minimally invasive surgical
is a significant advantage. Although this prototype is still options, robot-assisted gynecologic surgery is expected
in its early stages, it highlights the progress yet to be made to continue advancing. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic
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before surgical robots can be used in clinical settings. In hysterectomy is most commonly used in gynecological
trauma surgery, robots are also useful for navigating to oncology, particularly for endometrial cancer, though it is

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 16 doi: 10.36922/itps.4664