Page 93 - ITPS-8-3

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Effects of robots on QoL in SCI

total number of patients who underwent spine surgery. We and its subsequent revisions. The study method abides by
applied a response distribution of 50%, a confidence interval the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent
of 95%, a standard deviation of 1.96, and a margin of error was gained from all participants and their family members.
of 5%. This calculation showed a required sample size of Moreover, consent was acquired from legally authorized
213. In addition, we accounted for a 10% margin (n = 22) to representatives if the patient was illiterate. The researchers
address any errors in questionnaire completion. Ultimately, explained the study’s purposes to the patients and their
338 participants voluntarily responded, completed the family members before collecting their data.
survey, and were included in the final analysis.
2.6. Data analysis
2.4. Instrument Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (29.0, IBM,

2.4.1. Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) United States) was used to analyze the collected data.
Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and
The ODI consists of 10 sections, including pain intensity, percentages, while continuous data were presented as mean
personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was
social life, traveling, and employment/homemaking. performed to compare QoL and participant satisfaction
Participants selected statements that best describe their throughout the follow-up time. Multiple linear regression
condition. Responses were scored from 0 to 5, with higher analyses were performed to identify key determinants of
scores representing severe disability. The total score was the ODI, SF-36, and NSNCS scores. Variables were selected
then converted to a percentage, where higher percentages based on the patients’ theoretical or clinical significance, as
indicate greater disability. In the Chinese version, the well as their statistical significance, to control for potential
Cronbach’s α value is 0.81 and the validity index is 0.86. 22 confounding effects. The significance level (p-value) in this

2.4.2. Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) study was set at 0.05.
The SF-36 is a widely used patient-reported outcome 3. Results
measure that assesses health-related QoL. Moreover, it This study included 387 patients who underwent spine
provides an overall physical and mental health status. This surgery assisted by the Tianji robot. However, only
survey included 36 questions divided into eight sections, 338 (87.33%) patients completed the survey.
each scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a
better health status. 3.1. Demographic characteristics

The scores were then summarized to create a physical Among 338 participants, there were 214 (63.31%) females
component summary and a mental component summary. and 124 (36.68%) males, with a 1.72:1 ratio of females
In the Chinese version, the Cronbach’s α value was 0.88 versus males. The mean age of the participants was 63.76
and the validity index was 0.94. 23 ± 14 years. The mechanism of injury was traumatic in
260 (76.92%) and non-traumatic in 78 (23.07%) patients.
2.4.3. Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale Associated fractures mostly involved the lower extremities
(NSNCS) (166/338, 49.11%). The most commonly affected spine
Li et al. verified the validity and reliability of the NSNCS scale region was lumbar (190/338, 56.21%), followed by thoracic
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in the Chinese version. This scale is a 5-point Likert scale with (99/338, 29.28%), thoracolumbar (33/338, 9.76%), and
19 items; one is nursing care. The final score of the evaluation cervical (14/338, 4.14%) (Table 1).
ranges from 0 to 100 points. The total score elucidates the The robot-assisted surgery involved in this study
patient’s satisfaction with nursing care. The Cronbach’s α included robotic navigation system (76/338, 20.9%),
value and the validity index were 0.94 and 0.93 in the Chinese robot-assisted closed reduction and IF (62/338, 18.34%),
version, respectively. The NSNCS scale was used to assess robot-assisted balloon (47/338, 15.7%), robot-assisted
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patient satisfaction with nursing care among those who percutaneous balloon dilatation (15/338, 4.43%), 5G
underwent spine surgery assisted with the Tianji robot. remote robot-assisted closed reduction (6/338, 1.77%),
and robot-assisted balloon vertebroplasty (7/338, 2.07%).
2.5. Ethical considerations
The ethical committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital 3.2. Comparison of QoL and satisfaction at pre-
of Hainan Medical University approved the study surgery, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups among
with ethical approval number: HMU-IRB20210314. patients who underwent Tianji robot-assisted surgery
All procedures were conducted following the ethical Figure 1 shows significant changes in the ODI, SF-36, and
principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki NSNCS scores across pre-surgery and 2 follow-up times.

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 87 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025080009