Page 94 - ITPS-8-3

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Effects of robots on QoL in SCI

Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of patients who Table 2. Comparison of quality of life and patient
underwent spinal surgery assisted with Tianji robot satisfaction at pre‑surgery and two follow‑up points among
those who underwent Tianji robot surgery
Variable n (%) Mean±SD
Gender Scales Pre‑surgery 6‑month 12‑month p‑value
follow‑up follow‑up
Male 124 (36.68) -
ODI
Female 214 (63.31) -
Pain intensity 76±2.76 48±7.98 32±4.28 0.012
Age (years) - 63.76±14
Personal care 87±6.98 35±5.90 22±8.54 <0.001
Surgical type
Lifting 83±7.46 62±3.75 58±6.73 0.045
Robot-assisted closed reduction and internal 62 (18.34) -
fixation Walking 79±3.65 58±9.65 44±3.54 0.005
Robotic navigation-assisted 70 (20.71) - Sitting 77±4.98 54±2.65 49±6.32 0.032
Robot-assisted balloon 47 (15.7) - Standing 88±4.43 76±8.56 63±5.42 0.028
Robot-assisted percutaneous balloon 15 (4.43) - Sleeping 70±4.21 66±7.35 59±5.82 0.087
dilatation Social life 504±206.98 43±8.65 32±9.54 0.531
5G remote robot-assisted closed reduction 6 (1.77) - Traveling 93±1.76 80±4.66 58±3.94 0.018
Robot-assisted balloon vertebroplasty 7 (2.07) - Employment/ 88±4.43 71±6.32 45±6.82 0.021
Associated fractures homemaking
Upper extremity fractures 93 (27.51) - SF-36
Lower extremity fractures 166 (49.11) - PCS 34±5.87 51±3.23 79±4.78 0.014
Others* 79 (23.37) - MCS 53±2.54 75±5.87 89±4.82 0.067
Fracture type NSNCS 48±7.43 65±6.09 86±4.32 0.034
Traumatic 260 (76.92) - Abbreviations: MCS: Mental component summary; NSNCS: Newcastle
Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index;
Non-traumatic 78 (23.07) - PCS: Physical component summary; SF-36: Short Form Health
Fracture region Survey-36.
Lumbar 190 (56.21) -
Thoracic 99 (29.28) -
Thoracolumbar 33 (9.76) -
Cervical 14 (4.14) -
Admission to surgery (days) - 3.03±1.60
Note: *Other fractures.
Abbreviation: SD: Standard deviation.

Among the 3 time points: Pre-surgery, 6-month, and
12-month post-surgery, there were significant changes in
the ODI scores over different categories, including pain
intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing,
traveling, and employment/homemaking. In addition,
the physical component summary subscale of the SF-36
scores showed significant differences throughout the
three follow-up periods (p=0.014). In contrast, the mental
component summary did not show any significant changes.
The NSNCS scores showed significant changes throughout
the follow-up periods (p=0.034) (Table 2). Figure 1. The ODI, SF-36, and NSNCS scores of pre-surgery and two
follow-up sessions
3.3. Predictors of QoL and satisfaction using Notes: *, #, and & indicate significant differences among ODI, SF-36, and
multiple regression analyses NSNCS across different time points, with p<0.05; **, ##, and && indicate
Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to significant differences among ODI, SF-36, and NSNCS across different
time points, with p<0.01.
recognize the key factors affecting QoL and satisfaction Abbreviations: NSNCS: Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Care Scale;
scores. To control for potential confounding factors and ODI: Oswestry Disability Index; SF-36: Short Form Health Survey-36.

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 88 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025080009