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Journal of Clinical and
Basic Psychosomatics Relationship between PD and melanoma based on NHANES

PD and melanoma has been a subject of debate since it was names were in accordance with those stipulated in the
first reported in 1972 . Subsequent epidemiological studies secondary category of anti-Parkinsonian medications in
[5]
have sought to explore the potential association between the multi-word dictionary treatment classification scheme
PD and melanoma, as well as other cancers. While some table. Individuals were classified as having PD if they
research has suggested that PD may be a shared risk factor reported taking a medication grouped under the secondary
for melanoma , other studies have yielded conflicting category of anti-Parkinsonian medications.
[6]
results [7,8] . Although these two diseases are fundamentally
different as cell degeneration and cell proliferation are 2.2.3. Covariates
prominent features in PD and melanoma, respectively, The following covariates were considered potential
epidemiological evidence points to a reciprocal relationship confounding factors:
where patients with PD are more susceptible to melanoma (i). Gender: Gender is divided into male and female.
and patients with melanoma are more susceptible to PD . (ii). Age: The age of patients was recorded.
[5]
There are also epidemiological data showing that there is a (iii). Race: The races of respondents are divided into
two-way relationship between the two diseases. Given that non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Mexican
melanoma is a prevalent cancer in the U.S., it is essential
to understand the existing comorbidities of melanoma American, and other ethnicities.
to prevent and control them. This study is a noteworthy (iv). Body mass index (BMI): BMI is determined by
contribution to the literature, as it is one of the few to utilize dividing one’s weight (in kg) by their height (in meters
squared). This was calculated using the measured
the data from National Health and Nutrition Examination height and weight.
Survey (NHANES) database to investigate the relationship (v). Poverty income ratio (PIR): The PIR is determined by
between PD and melanoma in the US population.
dividing the household income by the poverty line,
2. Materials and methods which is specific to the size of the household, the year,
and the state.
2.1. Study design and participants (vi). Smoking: The questionnaire SMQ020 was used to
The permission to utilize the NHANES database (https:// find out the smoking status of the respondents. They
www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm) was granted by were asked if they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes
the Institutional Review Board of the National Center for in their lifetime and if they were smoking at the time
Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and of the survey. Based on the responses, the smoking
Prevention. status was divided into three categories: never (never
smoked or smoked <100 cigarettes in their lifetime),
This study utilized data from two cycles of the NHANES, former (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
that is, 2001 – 2002 and 2003 – 2004. NHANES is a yearly but have since quit), and now (smoked at least 100
population-based survey in the U.S. that employs a multi- cigarettes in their lifetime and are still smoking).
stage, stratified, and probability-based sampling design. (vii). Number of moles: In the questionnaire DED011,
All individuals who responded to the melanoma and PD respondents were asked to report the number of
questionnaires were included, and no records of covariate moles they had that were at least 1/4 inch in diameter.
data information were omitted to gain a comprehensive The responses were divided into five categories: none,
understanding of the study population and its relationship 1 or 2, 3 – 5, 6 – 10, and >10.
between PD and melanoma.
2.3. Statistical analysis
2.2. Variables and data measurement
The t-test and χ test were employed to analyze continuous
2
2.2.1. Definition of melanoma
and categorical variables, respectively. Sampling weights
We used the questionnaire DED041 from 2001 to 2004 from the population sampling check (WTMEC2YR) were
to determine the diagnosis of melanoma. The melanoma applied in the data analysis to address complex survey
diagnosis was determined with a positive confirmation designs (including oversampling), survey non-response,
from the respondents to a survey question “Have you ever and post-stratification adjustments to match the Census
been told by a doctor or other health professional that you Bureau’s total population count. The sample weighting in
have melanoma? NHANES represented the civilian non-institutionalized
resident population of the U.S. Each sample person was
2.2.2. Definition of PD assigned a sample weight, which was a measure of the total
PD was determined by self-reported intake of PD population represented by that sample person. Weighted
medications in the NHANES database; the medication univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcbp.0571