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198 Shegena et al. | Journal of Clinical and Translational Research 2024; 10(3): 191-200
5. Conclusion Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2014.

The current findings revealed that almost half of the [2] Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H,
hospitalized HF patients were experiencing DTPs related to Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for
the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic
cardiovascular agents. Inappropriate dosing was the most Heart Failure: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and
common DTP in this study, followed by failure to initiate
recommended medications. Many different independent Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the
European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with
variables have been identified as determinants for the prevalence the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association
of DTP in our study. Among those, elderly patients (i.e., 60 years (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18:891-975.
and older) and patients on five or more concurrent medications
were at a significantly higher risk of experiencing DTP related doi: 10.1002/ejhf.592
to cardiovascular agents during hospitalization. Based on our [3] Mastromarino V, Casenghi M, Testa M, Gabriele E,
findings, the inclusion of a pharmacist in multidisciplinary HF Coluccia R, Rubattu S, et al. Polypharmacy in Heart
teams should be considered among chronic patients, and patients Failure Patients. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2014;11:212-9.
at a high risk of contracting cardiovascular agent-related DTPs doi: 10.1007/s11897-014-0186-8
should be given additional follow-ups upon hospital admission. [4] McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS,
Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for
Acknowledgments the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart

The authors would like to extend their thanks to the study Failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599-726.
participants for their willingness to participate in this study and doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
all the staff of the internal medicine ward for their cooperation [5] Fernandez-Llimos F, Tuneu L, Baena MI, Garcia-
during the data collection process. Delgado A, Faus MJ. Morbidity and Mortality Associated
with Pharmacotherapy. Evolution and Current Concept
Funding of Drug-Related Problems. Curr Pharm Des 2005;10:
This study was funded by the Inter-University Council for 3947-67.
East Africa. The main author Efrata Ashuro Shegena received doi: 10.2174/1381612043382558
the award as part of her master’s scholarship. [6] Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS,
Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke
Conflict of Interest Statistics-2019 Update: A Report from the American
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Heart Association. Circulation 2019;139:e56-528.
doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
[7] Yuyun MF, Sliwa K, Kengne AP, Olga A,
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration Bukhman G. Cardiovascular Diseases in Sub-Saharan
of Helsinki. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from Africa Compared to High-Income Countries: An
the Mbarara University Institutional Research Ethics Committee Epidemiological Perspective. Glob Heart 2020;15:15.
(Reference no.: MUST-2021-185). We obtained site clearance doi: 10.5334/gh.403
to conduct the study from the MRRH director. Written informed [8] Agbor VN, Ntusi NA, Noubiap JJ. An Overview of
consent was obtained from the patients before participating in Heart Failure in Low-And Middle-Income Countries.
the study. The purpose, objectives, benefits, risks, and impact Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020;10:244-51.
of the study on the total time spent in the hospital were clearly doi: 10.21037/CDT.2019.08.03
explained to the participants. Participants’ confidentiality was [9] Glezeva N, Gallagher J, Ledwidge M, O’Donoghue J,
maintained during and after data collection. McDonald K, Chipolombwe J, et al. Heart Failure
Consent for Publication in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of the Aetiology of
Heart Failure and the Role of Point-of-care Biomarker
Written informed consent was obtained from all the study Diagnostics. Trop Med Int Health 2015;20:581-8.
participants for publishing the data. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12461

Availability of Data [10] Picchio V, Cammisotto V, Pagano F, Carnevale R,
Chimenti I. Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Cell
Data are available from the corresponding author upon Interaction-Regulation of Immune Responses, Disease
reasonable request. Development and Management Strategies. London:
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36922/jctr.23.00137