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Microbes & Immunity Biological activity of Amazonian plants

was poorly stimulated by both plant extracts. The SIV- Consent for publication
suppressive activity of the plant compounds may result
from direct or indirect mechanisms, either by interfering Not applicable.
with the lentivirus infection cycle and/or by the action Availability of data
of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, restriction
factors expressed by leukocytes may antagonize viral Data supporting the findings of this study are available
pathogenesis. Therefore, both the cell and the lentivirus from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
models serve as to useful tools for screening antiviral
and immune-modulating cytokines, offering potential Further disclosure
therapeutic applications not only for retroviruses but also A part of this study is published as bioRxiv preprint:
for other viral agents. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.27.625749
The immunomodulatory activity exerted by the plant References
extracts and the immune cellular response to SIV infection
aligns with previously reported data from in vivo systems. 1. Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM,
However, the therapeutic use of the phytocompounds et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active
assessed in this study remains premature. Further analyses plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv.
are required to thoroughly evaluate the potential toxicity of 2015;33(8):1582-1614.
these plant extracts. In addition, the use of animal models doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
has been circumvented by ethical reasons. Of potential 2. Arribas P, Andújar C, Bidartondo MI, et al. Connecting
application, RNA sequencing could be employed to analyze high-throughput biodiversity inventories: Opportunities for
cell expression in these models, providing a comprehensive a site-based genomic framework for global integration and
view of cell behavior under the experimental conditions. synthesis. Mol Ecol. 2021;30(5):1120-1135.
Acknowledgments doi: 10.1111/mec.15797
3. Duarte EA, Novella IS, Weaver SC, et al. RNA virus
We express our gratitude to ImmunoTools GmbH for the quasispecies: Significance for viral disease and epidemiology.
donation of ELISA kits. This work is especially dedicated to Infect Agents Dis. 1994;3(4):201-214.
Prof. Dr. Maulori Curie Cabral.
4. Ben-Shabat S, Yarmolinsky L, Porat D, Dahan A.
Funding Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants:
Applications and drug delivery strategies. Drug Deliv Transl
This research work was funded by FAP DF (grant number Res. 2020;10(2):354-367.
00193-00000210/2019-60) and the University of Brasilia/ doi: 10.1007/s13346-019-00691-6
FINATEC (grant number SEI 23106.103923/2021-72).
5. Carr A, Mackie NE, Paredes R, Ruxrungtham K.
Conflict of interest HIV drug resistance in the era of contemporary
antiretroviral therapy: A clinical perspective. Antivir Ther.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2023;28(5):13596535231201162.
Author contributions doi: 10.1177/13596535231201162
Conceptualization: Isamu Kanzaki, Serhat Sezai Çiçek 6. Menéndez-Arias L, Delgado R. Update and latest advances in
Formal analysis: Isamu Kanzaki antiretroviral therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2022;43(1):16-29.
Investigation: Sarah Maria da Silva Napoleão, João Paulo doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.004
Romualdo Alarcão Bernardes, Bernardo Guerra 7. Berrut G, de Decker L. Immunosénescence: Une
Tenório, Calisto Moreno Cardenas, Bruno Stéfano revue [Immunosenescence: A review]. Geriatr Psychol
Lima Dallago Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2015;13 Suppl 2:7-14.
Methodology: Roberto Messias Bezerra, Jorge Federico doi: 10.1684/pnv.2015.0548
Orellana Segovia, Elida Cleyse Gomes da Mata
Kanzaki 8. Sun L, Wang X, Saredy J, Yuan Z, Yang X, Wang H. Innate-
Writing original draft: Isamu Kanzaki, Serhat Sezai Çiçek adaptive immunity interplay and redox regulation in
Writing – review & editing: Isamu Kanzaki immune response. Redox Biol. 2020;37:101759.
doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101759
Ethics approval and consent to participate
9. Wautier JL, Wautier MP. Pro- and anti-inflammatory
Not applicable. prostaglandins and cytokines in humans: A mini review. Int

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2025) 72 doi: 10.36922/mi.8367