Page 111 - MI-2-3

Microbes & Immunity SARS-CoV-2 complementary classification

variants of concern. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):926. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance and data sharing. Nat
Genet. 2022;54(4):499-507.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9050926
doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01033-y
51. Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, et al. The biological and clinical
significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Rev 62. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529
Genet. 2021;22(12):757-773. (Omicron) variant-United States, December 1-8, 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(50):1731-1734.
doi: 10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7050e1
52. Subissi L, Otieno JR, Worp N, et al. An updated framework
for SARS-CoV-2 variants reflects the unpredictability of 63. Lambrou AS, Shirk P, Steele MK, et al. Genomic surveillance
viral evolution. Nat Med. 2024;30(9):2400-2403. for SARS-CoV-2 variants: predominance of the delta
(B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants-United
doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02949-0
States, June 2021-January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
53. Giovanetti M, Benedetti F, Campisi G, et al. Evolution Rep. 2022;71(6):206-211.
patterns of SARS-CoV-2: Snapshot on its genome variants. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7106a4
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021;538:88-91.
64. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.102 ECDC De-escalates BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 from its List of
54. Hussain B, Wu C. Evolutionary and phylogenetic dynamics Variants of Concern; 2025. Available from: https://www.
of SARS-CoV-2 variants: A genetic comparative study of ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/ecdc-de-escalates-ba2-ba4-
Taiyuan and Wuhan Cities of China. Viruses. 2024;16(6):907. and-ba5-its-list-variants-concern [Last accessed on 2025
May 09].
doi: 10.3390/v16060907
65. Kanuri S, Chen A, Barnett D, Hsu E. CDC policy
55. Zabidi NZ, Liew HL, Farouk IA, et al. Evolution of changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Open J Soc Sci.
SARS-CoV-2 variants: Implications on immune escape, 2024;12:174-200.
vaccination, therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Viruses.
2023;15(4):944. doi: 10.4236/jss.2024.126009
doi: 10.3390/v15040944 66. Dolan PT, Whitfield ZJ, Andino R. Mechanisms and
concepts in RNA virus population dynamics and evolution.
56. Kumar R, Srivastava Y, Muthuramalingam P, et al. Annu Rev Virol. 2018;5(1):69-92.
Understanding mutations in human SARS-CoV-2 spike
glycoprotein: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Viruses. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041718
2023;15(4):856. 67. Woo HJ, Reifman J. Quantitative modeling of virus
doi: 10.3390/v15040856 evolutionary dynamics and adaptation in serial passages
using empirically inferred fitness landscapes. J Virol.
57. Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Dhama K, 2014;88(2):1039-1050.
Chakraborty C. Antibody evasion associated with the RBD
significant mutations in several emerging SARS-CoV-2 doi: 10.1128/jvi.02958-13
variants and its subvariants. Drug Resist Updat. 68. Lancaster KZ, Pfeiffer JK. Viral population dynamics and
2023;71:101008. virulence thresholds. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15(4):525-530.
doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101008 doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.05.007
58. Liu Y, Liu J, Plante KS, et al. The N501Y spike substitution 69. Jin T, Yin J. Patterns of virus growth across the diversity of
enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Nature. life. Integr Biol (Camb). 2021;13(2):44-59.
2022;602(7896):294-299.
doi: 10.1093/intbio/zyab001
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04245-0
70. Pybus OG, Rambaut A. Evolutionary analysis of the
59. Oude Munnink BB, Worp N, Nieuwenhuijse DF, et al. dynamics of viral infectious disease. Nat Rev Genet.
The next phase of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance: Real-time 2009;10(8):540-550.
molecular epidemiology. Nat Med. 2021;27(9):1518-1524.
doi: 10.1038/nrg2583
doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01472-w
71. Lv JX, Liu X, Pei YY, et al. Evolutionary trajectory of diverse
60. Parums V. Editorial: Revised world health organization SARS-CoV-2 variants at the beginning of COVID-19
(WHO) terminology for variants of concern and variants of outbreak. Virus Evol. 2024;10(1):veae020.
interest of SARS-CoV-2. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e933622.
doi: 10.1093/ve/veae020
doi: 10.12659/msm.933622
72. Grellet E, L’Hôte I, Goulet A, Imbert I. Replication of the
61. Chen Z, Azman AS, Chen X, et al. Global landscape of coronavirus genome: A paradox among positive-strand

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 103 doi: 10.36922/MI025190042