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Microbes & Immunity Carotene and immunity to COVID-19 vaccine

Acknowledgments 2. Pennisi F, Genovese C, Gianfredi V. Lessons from the
COVID-19 pandemic: Promoting vaccination and public
The authors thank the Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine, health resilience, a narrative review. Vaccines (Basel).
Monash University Malaysia, for supporting this study. 2024;12:891.
The authors would like to thank PhytoGaia Sdn. Bhd. doi: 10.3390/vaccines12080891
(Malaysia) for providing the carotene from palm oil
(CaroGaia 30% OS) and Pharmaniaga Lifescience Sdn 3. Lim WW, Mak L, Leung GM, Cowling BJ, Peiris M.
Bhd, Malaysia, for providing CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech Comparative immunogenicity of mRNA and inactivated
Ltd, China). vaccines against COVID-19. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2:e423.
doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00177-4
Funding
4. Fu Z, Liang D, Zhang W, et al. Host protection against
This study was supported by a research grant from the Omicron BA.2.2 sublineages by prior vaccination in
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine, Monash University spring 2022 COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai. Front Med.
Malaysia (STG-000056). 2023;17:562-575.
doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0977-3
Conflict of interest
5. Zeng G, Wu Q, Pan H, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. third dose of CoronaVac, and immune persistence of a two-
dose schedule, in healthy adults: Interim results from two
Author contributions single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled
phase 2 clinical trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:483-495.
Conceptualization: Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan
Data curation: Kang Wei Tan doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00681-2
Formal analysis: Kang Wei Tan, Kar Wai Hong 6. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function.
Funding acquisition: Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan Nutrients. 2017;9:1211.
Investigation: Kang Wei Tan, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan doi: 10.3390/nu9111211
Methodology: Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan
Project administration: Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan 7. Chen Y, Yin S, Tong X, et al. Dynamic SARS-CoV-2-specific
Resources: Saatheeyavaane Bhuvanendran, Uma Devi B-cell and T-cell responses following immunization with
Palanisamy an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Clin Microbiol Infect.
Supervision: Saatheeyavaane Bhuvanendran, Kar Wai Hong, 2022;28:410-418.
Uma Devi Palanisamy, Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.006
Writing – original draft: Kang Wei Tan 8. Yin J, Zhao Y, Huang F, et al. Immune response and
Writing – review & editing: Saatheeyavaane Bhuvanendran, homeostasis mechanism following administration of
Kar Wai Hong, Uma Devi Palanisamy, Ammu Kutty BBIBP-CorV SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Innovation
Radhakrishnan (Camb). 2023;4:100359.
doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100359
Ethics approval and consent to participate
9. Wang Y, Liu J, Burrows PD, Wang JY. B cell development
Ethics approval to carry out this study was obtained from and maturation. In: Wang JY, editor. B Cells in Immunity and
the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) of Monash University Tolerance. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2020. p. 1-22.
(AEC Project ID: 29899).
10. Ramljak D, Vukoja M, Curlin M, et al. Early response of CD8
+
Consent for publication T cells in COVID-19 patients. J Pers Med. 2021;11:1291.
doi: 10.3390/jpm11121291
Not applicable.
11. Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients
Availability of data and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the
risk of infection. Nutrients. 2020;12:236.
Data used in this work are available from the corresponding
author upon reasonable request. doi: 10.3390/nu12010236
12. Hussain Y, Abdullah, Alsharif KF, et al. Therapeutic role
References of carotenoids in blood cancer: Mechanistic insights and
therapeutic potential. Nutrients. 2022;14:1949.
1. Amanat F, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Status report.
Immunity. 2020;52:583-589. doi: 10.3390/nu14091949
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.007 13. Loganathan R, Subramaniam KM, Radhakrishnan AK,

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