Page 114 - OR-1-2

development of these organoids provides a solid basis for the models is the main reason currently limiting research on
development of more prostate cancer organoids in the future. ovarian cancer. 67-69 Kopper et al. established 56 organoid
68
Due to the low success rate of establishing prostate cancer lines from ovarian cancer patients, including all common
organoid lines, Servant et al. established an organoid bank subtypes of ovarian cancer, such as serous BT (SBT),
59
from 81 different prostate cancer pathological specimens and mucinous BT (MBT), mucinous BT (MC), endometrioid
evaluated factors that affected the success rate of establishing (END), clear cell carcinomas (CCC), and high-grade serous
prostate cancer. Scientists have found that due to the lineage- (HGS) tumors. In addition, Maenhoudt et al. established
69
specific nature of prostate cancer cells, using tissue aggregates organoid cultures from HGS ovarian cancer, identifying
instead of traditional cell suspensions can effectively improve neuregulin-1 (NRG1) as a crucial factor for cultivating
the success rate of establishing prostate cancer organoids. ovarian cancer organoids. The establishment of these
59
However, there are other endogenous factors that require ovarian cancer organoid lines has laid a solid foundation
further exploration. In addition, Heninger et al. established for future basic research on ovarian cancer.
60
organoids from patients with locally advanced prostate
cancer and verified that these organoids effectively preserved 4. Current limitations and future
the tumor microenvironment complexity of prostate cancer perspectives
through the integration of novel biotechnologies (such as Compared with traditional in vivo and in vitro research
orthogonal flow cytometry analysis and microfluidic rare- methods, organoids have shown extraordinary potential
event screening protocols). In general, the development of due to their “more organ-like” characteristics. Organoids
prostate cancer organoids still faces many challenges, and preserve the histological and biological characteristics
further optimization of development methods and culture of the original tumors, enabling scientists to dynamically
technologies is needed.
observe tumor growth. 23,70 In addition, the costs associated
3.8. Bladder cancer with organoid maintenance and cultivation are minimal,
and the use of experimental animals is unnecessary, thus
Bladder cancer is an urothelial cancer originating from aligning with ethical standards regarding animal welfare.
23
the lining of the bladder and is currently the second Therefore, organoid models provide unlimited possibilities
most common malignant tumor among urinary system in high-throughput drug screening, anti-cancer drug
diseases. Since the high mutation rate of bladder cancer development, overcoming cancer drug resistance, clinical
61
leads to poor prognosis and a high risk of recurrence, it is efficacy evaluation, and personalized and precision
imperative to establish an effective bladder cancer research medicine, thereby accelerating the transformation of drugs
model. 62,63 Mullenders et al. established an in vitro from laboratory to clinical practice. 23,70 Over the past few
64
biobank of bladder cancer organoids from 53 bladder decades, there has been a gradual rise in the utilization of
cancer patient samples. Experimental results show that the
organoid generation efficiency reaches 60 – 70%, surpassing PDO models in multiple cancer research areas, including
traditional cell line generation technology while preserving colorectal, lung, breast, gastrointestinal, prostate, liver,
10,15,18,19,70
original shape and function after long-term passage. In pancreatic, bladder and ovarian cancers.
64
addition, these organoid lines also retain common genetic Despite their surprisingly unexpected applications,
mutations in bladder cancer, such as TP53 and FGFR3 many organoid models are replete with limitations that
mutations, providing a good model basis for screening new cannot be ignored. Firstly, initial culture of organoid
64
chemotherapeutic drugs for bladder cancer. The study lines takes a long time and is costly, and the success rate
65
by Kong et al. utilized a machine learning framework varies depending on tumor types. 70-72 Second, The existing
to analyze and successfully predict the drug response of tumor organoid lines are predominantly derived from
77 bladder cancer patients treated with cisplatin using a adenocarcinoma, but for tumors of non-epithelial origin, the
bladder cancer organoid model. These studies suggest that application of organoids may be greatly limited. 73,74 Third,
bladder cancer organoids may effectively predict treatment organoid culture necessitates the use of costly specialized
response. In terms of precision medicine, the bladder media containing various growth factors. Some commonly
cancer organoid model established by Lee et al. effectively used media supplements may affect the response of drugs
66
preserves the tumor heterogeneity and genomic alterations targeting the same signaling pathway to a certain extent,
characteristic of primary cancer. This means that treatment an important factor worthy of consideration by scientists
practice can be guided and adjusted based on the responses when monitoring and evaluating drug responses. 75-77 In
of organoid models to current drugs. addition, one of the important limitations of organoid
culture is the lack of key tumor microenvironment and
3.9. Ovarian cancer cellular components, including blood vessels, stromal
Ovarian cancer is one of the most difficult to treat among cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. 23,70 There have been
gynecologic cancers, and the lack of adequate research many studies attempting to mitigate this deficiency by

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/OR025050008