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Conflict of interest 7. Cekanova M, Rathore K. Animal models and therapeutic
molecular targets of cancer: Utility and limitations. Drug Des
Zhidao Xia is an Associate Editor of this journal, but was Devel Ther. 2014;8:1911-1921.
not in any way involved in the editorial and peer-review doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S49584
process conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly.
Separately, other authors declared that they have no known 8. Zushin PH, Mukherjee S, Wu JC. FDA modernization act
competing financial interests or personal relationships that 2.0: Transitioning beyond animal models with human cells,
could have influenced the work reported in this paper. organoids, and AI/ML-based approaches. J Clin Invest.
2023;133(21):eJCI175824.
Author contributions doi: 10.1172/JCI175824
Conceptualization: Renshan Li, Xiongfa Ji, Jin Ke 9. Santos Rosalem G, Gonzáles Torres LA, De Las Casas EB,
Visualization: Renshan Li, Jiaqi Zhou Mathias FAS, Ruiz JC, Carvalho MGR. Microfluidics
Writing–original draft: Renshan Li and organ-on-a-chip technologies: A systematic review
Writing–review & editing: Jiaqi Zhou, Man Shu, Guoqing of the methods used to mimic bone marrow. PLoS One.
2020;15(12):e0243840.
Zhong, Zhidao Xia
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243840
Ethics approval and consent to participate 10. Li W, Zhou Z, Zhou X, et al. 3D Biomimetic models to

Not applicable. reconstitute tumor microenvironment in vitro: Spheroids,
organoids, and tumor-on-a-chip. Adv Healthc Mater.
Consent for publication 2023;12(18):e2202609.
Not applicable. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202202609
11. Tang Q, Li X, Lai C, et al. Fabrication of a hydroxyapatite-
Availability of data PDMS microfluidic chip for bone-related cell culture and
Not applicable. drug screening. Bioact Mater. 2021;6(1):169-178.
doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.016
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Volume 1 Issue 3 (2025) 18 doi: 10.36922/OR025200017