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Tumor Discovery A bioinformatics analysis of PD-1 in cancers

the immune escape of tumors. The interaction between time to relapse), progression-free survival (PFS, time to
PD-1 and PD-L1 plays a key role in maintaining immune progression), overall survival (OS, time to death), post-
homeostasis in normal tissues. The expression level of progression survival (PPS), and disease specific survival
PD-1 in the peripheral blood T cells of tumor patients is (DSS, time to death from the same cancer). At present, the
higher than that of normal people [4,5] . The combination database contains gene expression data of diverse tumor
of PD-1 and PD-L1 on the surface of T lymphocytes types, including liver cancer, bladder carcinoma, breast
inhibits the anti-tumor immune response of lymphocytes, cancer, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal
promotes the occurrence of tumor immune escape, and adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,
thus promotes the occurrence of tumors . In the tumor head-neck squamous cell carcinoma, kidney renal clear
[6]
microenvironment, the combination of PD-1 and PD-L1 cell carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, liver
can engender a variety of biological effects, such as inhibition hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, lung
of the release of inflammatory factors, inhibition of the squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic ductal
proliferation and activation of lymphocytes, weakening of adenocarcinoma, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma,
the surveillance of immune microenvironment, and tumor rectum adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, stomach adenocarcinoma,
cell recurrence. PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies can block the testicular germ cell tumor, thymoma, thyroid carcinoma, and
PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway to enhance the response of uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. There is a collection
T cells and activate anti-tumor immunity to regulate anti- of clinicopathological features, including TNM stage, gender,
tumor activity. This is also one of the main mechanisms by race, and mutation burden. Other special clinicopathological
which tumor cells evade the immune system [7,8] . features include vascular invasion, sorafenib treatment,
Compared to normal tissues, the number of PD-1- alcohol consumption, and hepatitis virus in liver cancer.
positive T cells is higher in gastric cancer, kidney cancer, 3. Results
melanoma, and other malignant tumors and is positively
correlated with tumor progression [9-11] . PD-1 is localized 3.1. Prognostic val ues of PD-1 in gastric cancer
in the cytoplasm in breast cancer cells and is highly According to Kaplan–Meier plotter (Figure 1A and Table 1,
expressed in breast cancer tissues . According to several P < 0.05), higher PD-1 expression was negatively associated
[12]
studies, PD-1 expression was higher in patients with liver with the overall and PPS rates of all patients with gastric
cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer, who were stratified by Her2 positivity. Same result
cancer (NSCLC) than in the control group [13-15] . PD-1 was obtained for male patients with T2, intestinal-type
inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production cancer that received 5-FU-based chemotherapy (Table 1,
in rheumatic immune diseases, and participates in the P < 0.05). In addition, Stage III patients with well-
regulation of immune response, maintaining immune differentiated cancer were also significantly associated
tolerance in the peripheral environment in cases such as with OS. Stages I and II and N0 patients with high PD-1
systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis . expression had a shorter PPS time than those with low
[16]
PD-1 expression in different tumor tissues is related to PD-1 expression. However, higher PD-1 expression was
prognosis, indicating that PD-1 plays an important role positively associated with OS in patients with Stage IV, N3,
in the occurrence and development of tumors. PD-1 diffuse-type or mixed-type cancer. Similar result in terms
anticancer drug that has been approved by the U.S. Food of PPS was obtained in patients with Stage IV, T4, N3, M1,
and Drug Administration for the treatment of malignant and diffuse-type cancer.
melanoma and NSCLC has achieved good clinical results;
at the same time, PD-1 treatment of liver cancer has also 3.2. Prognostic values of PD-1 in liver cancer
entered clinical trial stage . In our study, we investigated In liver cancer (Figure 1B and Table 2), we found that a low
[17]
the clinical and prognostic values of PD-1 mRNA expression PD-1 expression was negatively related to OS, PFS, RFS, and
in different tumors using bioinformatics analysis. DSS rates, even after stratification by race (OS, PFS, RFS,

2. Materials and methods and DSS), gender (OS and DSS), sorafenib treatment (PFS,
RFS, and DSS), alcohol consumption (PFS and RFS), and
The Kaplan–Meier (KM) plotter database (https://kmplot. hepatitis virus (RFS). In addition, non-drinking patients
com/analysis/) is a gene expression database, which were significantly correlated with OS (P < 0.05). Patients
integrates gene expression and clinical data simultaneously. with low PD-1 expression, who are male and were having
We analyzed the prognostic value of PD-1 mRNA in gastric, Stage II, Grade II/III, and AJCC-T III/IV liver cancer and
lung, breast, and ovarian cancers. KM plotter could be hepatitis virus infection, had shorter PFS time compared
used to analyze the clinical impact of independent genes with those with high expression (P < 0.05). Similar result
on different cancers, in terms of relapse-free survival (RFS, was seen in male patients with Stage I-II (or II/II-III/III/

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2022) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.v1i1.59