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Tumor Discovery Mobile phone effects on testis

exposure to IFN-γ transforms these supportive factors may serve as regulators of TGCT initiation, offering a viable
into adversaries, facilitating pro-tumorigenic effects potential therapeutic target in combination with current
via immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and tumor cell treatment options. Nevertheless, future well-designed
proliferation. Similar to other tumors, investigations into studies are imperative to substantiate our findings.
30
the relationship between IFN-γ and tumor development, as
well as its potential as a therapeutic target, were conducted Acknowledgments
for TGCT. Schweyer et al. analyzed TGCT cell lines (NTERA The author thanks the Cukurova University Scientific
and NCCIT) and concluded that although they expressed Research Project for all the support provided.
and secreted IFN-γ, they were resistant to endogenous
IFN-γ, as neutralization of IFN-γ with a specific antibody Funding
did not affect the proliferation and/or degree of apoptosis of This work was financially supported by the Cukurova
28
the tumor cells. Klein et al. examined the immune cellular University Scientific Research Projects with grant number
microenvironment in testis biopsy specimens from patients TSA-2019-12306.
with normal spermatogenesis, hypo-spermatogenesis
with lymphocytic infiltration, GCNIS, and seminoma. Conflict of interest
4
Alongside pro-inflammatory (IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a),
anti-inflammatory (TGF-b1), Th-1-driven (IL-2) cytokines, The authors declare they have no competing interests.
and chemokines (CXCL-13, CXCL-10, and CCL5), high Author contributions
levels of IFN-γ transcripts were observed within immune
cell infiltrates of GCNIS and seminoma samples. Despite Conceptualization: Fesih Ok, Mustafa Emre, Atil Bisgin
4
extensive research, the relationship between RF-EMR Formal analysis: Salih Cetiner, Emine Bagir
and the development of TGCT remains unestablished in Investigation: Samir Jafarguliyev, Ibrahim Boga, Gulbanu
the literature. The significant increase in the IFN-γ gene Yesyet
expression levels that we detected following RF-EMR Methodology: Yildirim Bayazit
exposure may potentially influence the development of Writing – original draft: Fesih Ok
TGCT. Writing – review & editing: Yildirim Bayazit, Saban Doran
The limitation of our work was the examination of a Ethics approval and consent to participate
limited number of inflammatory markers due to budget
constraints. Current budget restrictions prevented us The study received ethics approval from the Institutional
from additional IHC analyses to observe and compare Animal Ethics Committee (Protocol Authorization
cytokine expression in tissue and protein levels using Number: 5-2-2019).
the ELISA method. However, our study boasts several
strengths. Firstly, our experimental setup comprehensively Consent for publication
examines both the IHC changes induced by RF-EMR in Not applicable.
testicular tissue and the gene expressions of inflammatory
cytokines. In addition, the identification of increased Availability of data
expression of IFN- γ and IL-4 genes, which have proven Data used in this work is available from the corresponding
to influence the progression of various cancer types, author upon reasonable request.
provides valuable insights for further studies exploring the
potential relationship between RF-EMR exposure and the References
development of TGCT.
1. Bilgici B, Gun S, Avci B, Akar A, Engiz BK. What is
5. Conclusion adverse effect of wireless local area network, using 2.45
GHz, on the reproductive system? Int J Radiat Biol.
RF-EMR induces structural, histopathological, and 2018;94(11):1054-1061.
inflammatory toxic effects on testes. RF-EMR significantly doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1503430
reduces testes’ weight and volume, increases seminiferous
tubule damage and interstitial edema, and decreases tunica 2. Kivrak E, Yurt K, Kaplan A, Alkan I, Altun G. Effects of
electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense
albuginea thickness. However, it also significantly increases system. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017;5(4):167-176.
the gene expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ, which are
inflammatory cytokines that are potentially associated doi: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.07.003
with TGCT development in testicular tissue. Therefore, 3. Chovanec M, Mardiak J, Mego M. Immune mechanisms and
these cytokines expressed following RF-EMR exposure possible immune therapy in testicular germ cell tumours.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 8 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.1703