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Tumor Discovery Mobile phone effects on testis

2.5. Statistical analysis genes demonstrated statistically significant increases in

The statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS fold changes within the study group (n = 10, P < 0.01).
Statistics Version 20.0. The normal distribution of continuous However, upon analyzing the interchangeability between
variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. the groups for other cytokines, no significant difference
was detected (P > 0.1).
Continuous variables following a normal distribution
were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and the 3.3. Vitality analysis using flow cytometry (Annexin V)
comparison between the two groups was performed using A vitality assessment was conducted using flow cytometry.
Student’s t-test. For continuous variables that did not fit The vitality rates of both groups were similar (43.6 ± 14.2%
a normal distribution, the data were reported as median vs. 45.7 ± 15.6%, P = 0.709) (Figure 3).
(minimum–maximum), and the comparison between
groups was carried out using the Mann–Whitney U test. 3.4. Histopathological findings
A significance level of 0.05 was adopted for all statistical The tunica albuginea was significantly thinner in the
analyses. study group (22.3 ± 4.61 μM) than the control group
3. Results (87.4 ± 2.67 μM) (P < 0.001). Seminiferous tubule
damage, interstitial edema, and Leydig cells were evaluated
3.1. Testis weight and volume semiquantitatively. Seminiferous tubule damage was
The median testis weight in the study group (163.0 g significantly more pronounced in the study group (Figure 4,
[133.0 – 183.0]) was significantly lower than the control P < 0.001). While mild interstitial edema was present in
group (179.0 g [134.0 – 195.0]) (P = 0.012). In addition, the the control group (Figure 5A), it was significantly more
median testis volume in the study group (0.95 cm [0.800 severe in the study group (Figure 5B, P = 0.042). Leydig
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– 1.400]) was significantly reduced than the control group cell counts were relatively higher in the control group
(1.100 cm [1.050 – 1.500]) (P = 0.031). Furthermore, (Figure 5C) than in the study group (Figure 5D, P = 0.669).
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the median score for seminiferous tubule damage was In addition, tunica albuginea thickness was significantly
significantly higher in the study group (1.5 vs. 0.0, greater in the control group (Figure 5E) than in the study
P < 0.001). The mean tunica albuginea thickness was group (Figure 5F) (P < 0.001). SALL4 staining was utilized
significantly reduced in the study group (22.3 ± 4.61 μM for the detection of germ cell tumors. However, negative
vs. 87.4 ± 2.67 μM) (P < 0.001) (Table 1). SALL4 IHC staining was observed in the seminiferous
tubules (Figure 6).
3.2. Changes in the gene expressions of IL-1, IL-4,
IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ 4. Discussion
The fold changes in the expression levels of the relevant The present study aims to investigate the effects of
gene in both the study and control groups were calculated RF-EMR on testicular health. This investigation entails the
using the 2-DDCt analysis and are presented in Figure 2. measurement of gene expressions related to inflammatory
The delta Ct values for expression analyses of the study (IL-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10)
and control groups after real-time PCR are shown in cytokines in testis tissue, alongside histopathological
Table 2. Notably, the expression levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ examination. In addition, the study investigated whether

Table 1. Testis sizes and histopathologic parameters
Parameter Study group (n=10) Control group (n=10) Statistical test p‑value
Testis weight (median [min–max] g) 163.0 (133.0 – 183.0) 179.0 (134.0 – 195.0) Z=−2.479 0.012
Testis volume (median [min–max] cm ) 0.95 (0.800 – 1.400) 1.100 (1.050 – 1.500) Z=−2.174 0.031
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Interstitial edema (median [min–max]) 1.0 (0.0 – 3.0) 1.0 (0.0 – 1.0) Z=−2.347 0.042
Leydig cells (median [min–max]) 1.0 (1.0 – 1.0) 1.0 (1.0 – 2.0) Z=−1.549 0.669
Johnson score (median [min–max]) 10.0 (10.0 – 10.0) 10.0 (10.0 – 10.0) N/A
Seminiferous tubule damage (median [min–max]) 1.5 (0.0 – 3.0) 0.0 (0.0 – 1.0) Z=−4.102 <0.001
Tunica albuginea thickness (mean ± SD μM) 22.3 ± 4.61 87.4 ± 2.67 F=3.145 <0.001
Seminiferous tubule diameter (mean ± SD μM) 762.5 ± 83.4 775.7 ± 37.5 F=1.919 0.637
Annexin V (mean ± SD %vitality) 43.6 ± 14.2 45.7 ± 15.6 F=0.006 0.709
Abbreviation: SD: Standard deviation.

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 4 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.1703