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Tumor Discovery Mobile phone effects on testis

Table 2. Delta Ct values for gene expression analysis of the
study and control groups
Group IL‑1 IL‑4 IL‑10 TNF‑α IFN‑γ
Study group
1 −2.80 −1.00 3.90 3.90 3.89
2 −2.70 −1.80 −0.80 −0.80 −0.78
3 −2.50 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.98
4 −2.70 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.01
5 −2.10 −1.50 −0.20 −0.20 −0.24
6 −2.30 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.57
7 −2.30 −1.30 −2.70 −2.70 −2.67
8 −2.50 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.47
9 −1.80 −0.30 0.70 0.70 0.71
Figure 2. The fold changes in the expression levels of inflammatory 10 −1.80 −0.50 −0.60 −0.60 −0.65
cytokines. It shows that interleukin-4 and interferon-γ gene expression Control group
fold change increased significantly in the study group (n = 10).
1 −2.40 −3.80 5.30 4.40 2.90
2 −2.70 −3.80 −0.10 −1.60 −3.30
3 −2.80 −2.60 0.00 −1.60 −3.10
4 −1.80 −1.60 1.00 1.10 −3.00
5 −2.50 −4.30 −0.90 −0.60 −3.40
6 −1.90 −3.30 −0.30 −2.20 −2.70
7 −2.50 −2.00 1.10 0.20 −3.90
8 −2.60 −2.60 −1.10 −1.00 −2.70
9 −2.30 −2.70 0.30 0.10 −3.00
10 −1.60 −1.30 0.70 −0.20 −2.40
Abbreviations: Ct: Cycle Threshold; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; IL-1: Interleukin-1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha;
IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma.
radicals induce significant changes in the histological and
morphological structures of testis and spermatogenic cells.
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Figure 3. Vitality analysis using flow cytometry (Annexin V). It shows
that the viable cell ratios were similar in the study (n = 10) and control Nisbet et al. reported occurrences of testicular vacuolar
(n = 10) groups (43.6% vs. 45.7%, P = 0.709). Student’s t-test was used for degeneration, severe necrosis, and exfoliation of the
statistical analysis. seminiferous epithelia in rats exposed to different levels of
RF-EMR ranging from 900 to 1,800 MHz. Similarly, Hasan
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changes in the immune microenvironment induced et al. observed histopathologically irregularly shaped testes
by RF-EMR exposure might foster a pro-tumorigenic with inhomogeneous sizes and fewer spermatogenic cell
environment conducive to the development of TGCTs. The layers, resulting in enlarged lumens in the seminiferous
findings reveal that RF-EMR exposure leads to significant tubules in mice exposed to RF-EMR. Consistent with
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increases in the gene expressions of IL-4 and IFN-γ in these findings, our study identifies significant increases
the testes. Furthermore, RF-EMR exposure is associated in seminiferous tubule damage and interstitial edema
with reductions in testicular volume, weight, and tunica in radiation-exposed rats, with a plausible explanation
albuginea thickness, alongside significant increases in being the degenerative action of RF-EMR on the germinal
seminiferous tubule damage and interstitial edema. epithelium and seminiferous tubule.
It has been demonstrated that RF-EMR significantly In a study using 32 male Wistar albino rats, Cetkin
weakens antioxidant enzyme activity and increases ROS et al. observed significantly lower testis weight and volume
formation in living organisms. Increased ROS levels in the RF-EMR exposed group. Similarly, Yahyazadeh
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precipitate oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and et al. noted considerably reduced testicular wet weight
DNA at the cellular level. Consequently, resultant free following exposure to 900 MHz RF-EMR (60 min/day for
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Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.1703