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Tumor Discovery Mobile phone effects on testis

A C E

B D F

Figure 4. Disorganization, vacuolization, and edema in the seminiferous tubules. Panel A, C, and E indicate H&E magnification ×100, while
panel B, D, and F indicate H&E magnification ×200. Scale bars: 100 μm. The arrows indicate disorganization, vacuolization, and edema in the seminiferous
tubules. It shows the seminiferous tubule damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation in the study group (n = 10).

A C E G

B D F H

Figure 5. Mild interstitial edema in the control group (n = 10) (A); more severe in the study group (n = 10) (B) (P = 0.042). Leydig cells were relatively higher
in the control group (C) than in the study group (D) (P = 0.669). Tunica albuginea thickness was significantly thinner in the study group (F) compared to
the control group (E) (P < 0.001). Magnification ×100. Scale bar: 100 μm. The arrows indicate interstitial edema in panels A and B, Leydig cell intensity in
panel C and D, and tunica albuginea thickness in panel E, F, G and H. Mann–Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.

28 days). Consistently, our study observed reductions in reduced tunica albuginea thicknesses in the RF-EMR
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testis weight and volume in the RF-EMR exposed group. It exposed group. These histomorphometric findings,
is well-established that testicular function and weight are including changes in the thickness of tunica albuginea and
closely intertwined. Agarwal et al. reported that cell phones seminiferous tubule structures, may stem from damage to
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impair testicular function by promoting the formation regulatory mechanisms such as the Na /K pump, Na /Ca
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of free radicals. Therefore, impairments in testicular and Na /H exchangers, cytoskeleton contractility, and
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functions, such as reductions in spermatids and testosterone membrane fluidity, which govern cell volume regulation. 12
levels resulting from RF-EMR exposure, alongside changes The pathogenesis of TGCT remains unclear. This tumor’s
in endogenous antioxidant enzymes, may contribute origin appears to be associated with testicular dysgenesis
to decreases in testicular weights. Moreover, Dasdag syndrome, probably initiated during the initial stages of
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et al. reported significant reductions in tunica albuginea embryogenesis. The most prominent risk factor for TGCT
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thickness following exposure to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency is cryptorchidism, with additional risk factors including a
radiation, corroborated by our findings of significantly history of TGCT, age, race, and infertility. However, the
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Volume 3 Issue 1 (2024) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/td.1703