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Tumor Discovery PPAR agonist and cancer

4.9. PPAR and its associated genes as biomarkers for of tumors but rather an auxiliary one. Despite their
evaluating cancer therapy encouraging but paradoxical efficacy in reducing cancer
The expression of PPAR and its associated genes is utilized metastasis and proliferation, PPAR ligands can increase
as a biomarker to evaluate the effects of various cancer tumor cell susceptibility to treatments such as radiation and
therapies. In HCC, molecular subtypes associated with chemotherapy. Among the several known PPAR agonists,
the PPAR signaling pathway were identified through only a few have been evaluated for their anticancer activity
consensus clustering analyses. Based on this study, the as adjuvants, whereas the anticancer activity of many other
authors developed a prognostic prediction model that PPAR agonists remains unexplored. In addition, different
relies on four gene signatures (G6PD, SLC10A1, ABCC1, types of cancer have distinct properties and may respond
and PKIB). These gene signatures are closely related to differently to PPAR agonists. However, such information
126
patient survival in HCC. Zhang et al. validated a PPAR is still lacking and represents a valuable area for further
signaling pathway-based prognostic prediction model for research.
uterine cervical cancer (UCC). They utilized the gene set
enrichment analysis algorithm to calculate the PPAR scores Acknowledgments
of patients with cervical cancer. The study demonstrated None.
that PPAR scores correlate with different sensitivities to
immune checkpoint therapy. AC099568.2 was identified as Funding
a marker indicating the involvement of the PPAR pathway None.
in patients with UCC. The PPAR signaling pathway is
127
also a potential biomarker for the detection of breast Conflict of interest
cancer. The study employed various bioinformatics and
networking tools to identify 21 differentially expressed The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
genes associated with the PPAR signaling pathway. The Author contributions
results indicated that four key genes – RXRA, LPL, FABP4,
and PPARG – exhibited a high degree of interaction, Conceptualization: S. R. Kaid Johar
suggesting that they may co-function in tumorigenesis Visualization: S. R. Kaid Johar
by participating in the regulation of the PPAR signaling Writing–original draft: Binita Patel
pathway. Although the studies cited above have identified Writing–review & editing: S. R. Kaid Johar
128
the use of PPAR-related proteins as biomarkers for
cancer treatment, there are currently no studies that have Ethics approval and consent to participate
identified biomarkers capable of detecting or explaining Not applicable.
the effects of PPAR agonists on cancer progression and the
efficacy of anticancer therapies utilizing PPAR agonists. Consent for publication
In addition, further research is required to confirm the
exact association between PPAR-related genes and cancer Not applicable.
progression.
Availability of data
5. Conclusion Not applicable.

Due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, cancer has References
long been considered one of the most harmful illnesses.
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PPAR agonists. PPAR agonists have shown significant doi: 10.1177/20503121211034366
promise in preventing tumor growth and metastasis in 2. Yang C, Xia BR, Zhang ZC, Zhang YJ, Lou G, Jin WL.
various cancers. Recent studies have elucidated the roles Immunotherapy for ovarian cancer: adjuvant, combination,
of PPAR ligands as adjuvants, helping to clarify their and neoadjuvant. Front Immunol. 2020;11:577869.
antitumor effects. PPAR ligands inhibit inflammation and
immune responses, suppress cell proliferation, promote cell doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577869
differentiation and apoptosis, and regulate fat and glucose 3. Lheureux S, Braunstein M, Oza AM. Epithelial ovarian
metabolism. Therefore, it can be concluded that PPAR cancer: Evolution of management in the era of precision
modulators do not play a primary role in the treatment medicine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(4):280-304.

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 10 doi: 10.36922/td.4003