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Table 3. Summary of comparative advantages and limitations of different 3D printing types

3D Printing Type Principle Advantages Limitations
Droplet-by-droplet ·Multi-material capability ·Limited material
deposition of liquid ·High-speed printing selection ·
i3DP materials ·Commercial viability ·Challenges in droplet optimization
·Complex device fabrication ·Resolution-speed tradeoff
UV laser sequentially ·Balanced resolution, cost and ·Resolution constrained by optical hardware and
SLA solidifies photopolymer performance resin properties
resin layer-by-layer ·Superior surface finish ·Challenges in uncured resin removal
through point-by-point ·Rapid innovation in materials and ·Single-material limitation per print
scanning equipment
Nonlinear absorption of ·Sub-micron resolution (<1 μm) ·Extremely slow process
2PP femtosecond NIR laser ·True 3D structuring capability ·High equipment costs
enables 3D voxel ·Diverse material options ·Cleanroom requirements
patterning ·Difficult for enclosed microfluidics

FDM Molten thermoplastic ·Low-cost and user-friendly ·Poor surface finish
extrusion through heated ·Wide material compatibility ·Poor Z-axis mechanical strength
nozzle with XY motion ·Minimal post-processing ·Low dimensional accuracy (200-500 μm features)
control ·Slow printing speed

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