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Table 1. Summary of Advanced Tumor Modeling Platform

Platforms Principle Applications Advantages Limits
Organoid-on-a-Chip Patient-derived stem cells Personalized therapy Reconstructs human TME Limited replication of
self-organized in ECM gel development through complexity through native mechanical forces
integrated with patient-specific mutation vascular/immune despite perfusion control
microfluidic perfusion modeling integration in dynamic
control microenvironments
Organ-on-a-Chip Micro-engineered systems High-throughput drug Models multistep Faces fabrication
replicating human organ- efficacy studies with real- metastasis processes scalability challenges and
level physiology and time PK/PD analysis including intravasation or material biocompatibility
disease dynamics extravasation under constraints
mechanical stimuli
Tumor Spheroids Self-assembled 3D cell Initial assessment of Recapitulates solid tumor Lacks vascularization and
aggregates enabling high- chemoradiation resistance architecture with hypoxic stromal components,
throughput drug screening and drug toxicity profiles cores and drug diffusion resulting in poor clinical
under physiological gradients correlation
gradients

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