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through the synergistic effect of high CTC/substrate affinity and increased contact
frequency. Adapted with permission from ref.[122] Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and
Sons. (D) 3D SiNP architecture coated with anti-EpCAM antibodies demonstrating
significantly enhanced capture efficiency (>90%) for cancer cells in whole blood,
attributed to increased surface area and biomimetic nanotopography. Adapted with
permission from ref.[123] Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons. (E) Schematic of
the 3D-printed V-BioChip biosensor for gynecological cancers (cervical/endometrial),
featuring: CTC enrichment via size-based filtration, immunoaffinity-based capture, and
on-chip HER2/GATA3 biomarker detection for recurrence risk stratification. Adapted
with permission from ref.[126]
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