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Artificial Intelligence in Health Benchmarking ML imputation in mental health surveys
volunteers of the SPARK Clinical Site Network and SFARI results from an online questionnaire completed by 157 366
for their invaluable contributions. participants: A reanalysis. BJPsych Open. 2020;6:e18.
doi: 10.1192/bjo.2019.100
Funding
3. Ramirez AH, Sulieman L, Schlueter DJ, et al. The all of
This work is supported by Southern California Us research program: Data quality, utility, and diversity.
Environmental Health Sciences Center pilot grant Patterns (N Y). 2022;3:100570.
from NIH/NIEHS, grant number P30ES007048 (Rob doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100570
McConnell), and The Tobacco-Related Disease Research
Program, grant number T32IR5216 (Xuejuan Jiang) and 4. Chesnut SR, Wei T, Barnard-Brak L, Richman DM. A meta-
NIH/NIA, grant number 1RF1AG076124-01A1 (Hussein analysis of the social communication questionnaire:
Screening for autism spectrum disorder. Autism.
Yassine).
2017;21:920-928.
Conflict of interest doi: 10.1177/1362361316660065
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 5. Hooker JL, Dow D, Morgan L, Schatschneider C,
Wetherby AM. Psychometric analysis of the repetitive
Author contributions behavior scale-revised using confirmatory factor analysis in
children with autism. Autism Res. 2019;12:1399-1410.
Conceptualization: Chang Shu
Formal analysis: Preethi Prakash doi: 10.1002/aur.2159
Investigation: Preethi Prakash, Chang Shu 6. Van Damme T, Vancampfort D, Thoen A, Sanchez CPR, van
Methodology: Preethi Prakash, Kelly Street, Yufeng Shen, Biesen D. Evaluation of the Developmental Coordination
Chang Shu Questionnaire (DCDQ) as a screening instrument for
Writing–original draft: Preethi Prakash, Chang Shu co-occurring motor problems in children with autism
Writing–review & editing: Kelly Street, Shrikanth spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022;52:4079-4088.
Narayanan, Bridget A. Fernandez, Yufeng Shen, doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05285-1
Chang Shu 7. Jebb AT, Ng V, Tay L. A review of key likert scale development
advances: 1995-2019. Front Psychol. 2021;12:637547.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637547
Not applicable.
8. Mirzaei A, Carter SR, Patanwala AE, Schneider CR. Missing
Consent for publication data in surveys: Key concepts, approaches, and applications.
Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2022;18:2308-2316.
Not applicable.
doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.009
Availability of data 9. Mack C, Su Z, Westreich D. Managing Missing Data in Patient
Registries: Addendum to Registries for Evaluating Patient
SPARK Phenotype Dataset is accessible through an Outcomes: A User’s Guide, Third Edition. Rockville, MD:
application at SFARI Base (https://base.sfari.org). All Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018.
software used in this study is publicly available. The code
for simulations and analysis can be found at https://github. 10. Khan SI, Hoque ASM. SICE: An improved missing data
imputation technique. J Big Data. 2020;7:37.
com/AprilShuLab/MissingDataImputation.
doi: 10.1186/s40537-020-00313-w
Further disclosure 11. Phiwhorm K, Saikaew C, Leung CK, Polpinit P, Saikaew KR.
The paper has been uploaded to medRxiv Adaptive multiple imputations of missing values using the
(doi: 10.1101/2024.05.13.24307231). class center. J Big Data. 2022;9:52.
doi: 10.1186/s40537-022-00608-0
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Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 91 doi: 10.36922/aih.4406

