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IoT-based water quality monitoring

of the ecosystem, food production, environmental is contaminated with wastes produced by various
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cleanliness, crop irrigation, and energy production. anthropogenic sources, for example, settlements,
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However, water consumption has increased significantly aquaculture, fishing activities, and fish processing
with increasing global population and economic growth, activities through which wastes are dumped directly into
especially in developing countries. The increasing the river. The Klampok Sub-watershed (Semarang)
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population has resulted in an increase in domestic waste pollution index decreased in 2016 and 2020, an
in the form of organic and inorganic waste, such as indication of the status change from moderate pollution
detergent effluent in residential areas, which can reduce to light pollution of the water. The lowest dissolved
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the water quality in receiving river waters. 13 oxygen (DO) is found in the coastal area of the Garang
Indonesia is a country that has very extensive coastal Watershed Semarang compared to other sampling
areas because it is an archipelagic country with a points, likely due to the significant wastes dumped at
coastline of 104,000 km. Ocean accounts for 70% of the the sampling point, which is close to the coastal area. 27
territory in Indonesia, presenting enormous economic Based on the several studies mentioned above, water
potential for the country. Kendal Regency is one of such quality in those three locations must be maintained to
coastal areas in Central Java, Indonesia. preserve the environment and the survival of aquatic
Kendal Regency is ranked eighth out of 17 coastal organisms. Water quality measurements can be carried
regions in Central Java for its sea area. The north out using various methods. For example, automated
coast of Kendal Regency is one of the coastal areas water quality monitoring is gaining more recognition due
in Central Java. The Kendal River estuary is widely to advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technology,
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used for community activities such as residential area which simplifies data collection and analysis.
development, industrial activities, fish farms, and Semarang city and Kendal Regency, two coastal
auction sites. Aquatic biota found in Kendal waters areas in Central Java, Indonesia, are similarly impacted
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are shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), goldband goatfish regions where sustained water quality monitoring
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(Upeneus moluccensis), spotted scat (Scatophagus is urgently needed. Conventional water monitoring
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argus), anchovies (Stolephorus commersonii), tembang methods rely heavily on manual sampling and
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fish (Sardinella fimbriata), peperek fish (Leiognathus laboratory analysis, which are often resource-intensive,
dussumieri), mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.), etc. time-consuming, and less sensitive to short-term
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The territorial boundaries of Semarang city are fluctuations. Such methods are limited in scalability
bordered by Kendal Regency to the West, Demak and cannot support real-time environmental decision-
Regency to the East, Semarang Regency to the South, making, especially in distributed or high-risk locations.
and the Java Sea to the North with a coastline length Therefore, an IoT-based tool was designed to monitor
of 13.6 km. The altitude of Semarang city is between water quality at such locations periodically. This tool
0.75 and 348,00 above the coastline. The average air can measure four parameters: pH, total dissolved solids
temperature in Semarang city in 2021 ranges from (TDS), temperature, and turbidity. These four crucial
26.50°C to 28.90°C. Average air humidity varies from parameters can be used for water quality management.
70.00% to 92.00%. Moderate air pressure ranges from This tool can measure these four parameters every
1008.40 mb to 1011.30 mb. The average wind speed second so that fluctuations can be detected quickly and
differs within the range of 1.11–1.89 m/s. Aquatic accurately. The usage of IoT in water quality monitoring
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biota found in Semarang city waters are barramundi has been demonstrated in previous research for different
(Lates sp.), milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forsskål purposes, including maintenance of marine organisms,
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1775), P. Merguiensis, Osphronemus goramy, catfish control of ammonia levels and Arduino-based water pH
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(Clarias sp.), etc. in fish farming, continuous water quality monitoring
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Previous research conducted in the Kendal Regency and management, enhancement of wastewater quality
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and Semarang city areas has discovered environmental system, regulation of pH and temperature for catfish
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degradation in the aquatic ecosystem; for example, cultivation, pollution management, monitoring of
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microplastic waste was detected at the mouth of the water quality in aquaponic systems, and designing
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Kendal River, which could be introduced from land. of TDS measuring instruments. In addition to using
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High organic material level is found in the waters of direct measurement and laboratory testing methods,
the Jajar River Kendal estuary. The high concentration other computational methods like integrating advanced
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of phosphate in the Kendal River body is possibly machine learning models with explainable artificial
due to the proximity to residential areas. This location intelligence (XAI) techniques can be used in water
Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 3 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025110069