Page 152 - AJWEP-22-4

Jusoh and Alwi

by the latent constructs, showing sufficient convergent The off-diagonal elements reflect the bivariate
validity. The minimum factor loadings, while all correlations between constructs, showing relatively
23
≤0.723, indicate adequate individual item reliability, as high values that remain below the square roots of AVE.
factor loadings exceeding 0.7 are typically regarded as The correlation between Human Resource and Logistics
acceptable in confirmatory factor analysis. The findings Coordination stands at 0.780, which is below their
confirm the robustness of the measurement model respective AVE square roots of 0.799 and 0.767. The
employed in this investigation. correlation between HOP and Logistics Coordination
The findings confirm that the measurement model stands at 0.754, which is also below the diagonal values
demonstrates robustness and reliability, thereby of both constructs. The findings indicate that while the
endorsing its application in the subsequent structural constructs are interconnected, as anticipated within
model analysis. The robustness of the construct the framework of integrated humanitarian operations,
measurements enables a confident exploration of the they assess conceptually different dimensions of
structural relationships among the variables, particularly, organizational effectiveness. This reinforces the
the impact of HRM and logistics coordination on the integrity of the structural model and substantiates the
performance of humanitarian operations. Considering theoretical premise that HRM and logistics coordination
the significance of these elements in disaster serve as distinct, yet complementary, predictors of
management scenarios, especially in areas, such as humanitarian performance in the context of flood
Malaysia, where operational effectiveness is vital, the disaster management. 22
confirmed constructs provide a robust basis for strategic Figure 1 presents the schematic diagram that
and policy-oriented insights. 2 delineates the measurement model employed in this
The findings illustrated in Table 2 indicate the study. It emphasizes the factor loadings of the observed
discriminant validity of the constructs employed in variables alongside the AVE associated with the latent
the study of Human Resource, HOP, and Logistics constructs: Human Resource, Logistics Coordination,
Coordination, adhering to the criterion set by Fornell and HOP. Every construct is associated with several

and Larcker. Discriminant validity evaluates the indicators, all of which exhibit satisfactory factor
22
degree to which constructs intended to be separate are loadings that surpass the widely recognized minimum
indeed differentiated within the model. This method threshold of 0.70. This suggests a robust correlation
24
stipulates that the square root of the AVE for each between the measurement items and their corresponding
construct must exceed its highest correlation with latent variables, playing a crucial role in enhancing the
any other construct. This study presents the diagonal model’s reliability. The AVE values 0.589 for Human
elements (bolded and underlined) as the square roots of Resource, 0.588 for Logistics Coordination, and 0.568
AVE: 0.799 for Human Resource, 0.765 for HOP, and for HOP exceed the 0.50 threshold suggested by Hair
0.767 for Logistics Coordination. The values presented et al., affirming acceptable convergent validity.
23
surpass the corresponding inter-construct correlations, The structural pathways connecting the latent
thereby affirming adequate discriminant validity. constructs elucidate the relationships examined within the
model. The path coefficient (β) from Human Resource to
Table 2. Discriminant validity of constructs HOP is measured at 0.466, whereas the coefficient from
based on AVE square roots and inter‑construct Logistics Coordination to HOP stands at 0.393. The
correlations observed positive and moderately strong relationships
Items (1) (2) (3) indicate that both HRM and logistics coordination play
Human Resource (1) 0.799 a significant role in determining the effectiveness of
humanitarian operations. The clarity of the path diagram
Humanitarian Operations 0.768 0.765 reinforces the alignment of the structural model with
Performance (2) theoretical expectations found in humanitarian logistics
Logistics Coordination (3) 0.780 0.754 0.767 literature, highlighting that both human and logistical
Note: Values on the diagonal (in bold) represent the square roots capacities are essential factors influencing response
of the AVE for each construct. Off-diagonal values indicate success, particularly in the context of flood disasters. 2
bivariate correlations between constructs. Discriminant validity is
established when each construct’s AVE square root is greater than Furthermore, the diagram highlights the
its correlations with other constructs. interconnectedness of operational constructs in
Abbreviation: AVE: Average variance extracted. disaster response, supporting the idea that effective

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 144 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025220182