Page 44 - AJWEP-22-4

Qin, et al.

after 2006, SER in the NWC shifted from being
primarily influenced by temperature to being controlled
by ASC.
In addition, the PDO index fluctuated synchronously
with the Aleutian low and Mongolian high in winter. The
zonal sea–land pressure difference also changed with
the PDO index, which altered the strength of the East
Asian winter monsoon, resulting in the weakening of
surface wind speeds and changes in solar radiation. 32,33
Moreover, the El Niño-southern oscillation index is the
strongest circulation signal in air–sea interactions and is
a major forcing factor in the interannual variability of
the East Asian monsoon. 33,34 Although the NAO index
can influence the intensity of the East Asian monsoon
by modulating the AO index, its impact is relatively
limited. 33,34 Previous studies have also indicated that
Arctic warming, sea ice melting, and aerosol changes
affect the meridional pressure gradient, thermal
gradient, and low-level circulation in the Northern
Hemisphere. These factors contribute to the weakening
of the mid-latitude westerly jet and the strengthening
of meridional circulation. Meanwhile, surface cooling
caused by aerosols reduces the sea–land temperature
difference. The combined effect of these phenomena
Figure 6. Interannual variation of air–sea circulation leads to significant changes in monsoon circulation and
indices from 1961 to 2019 regional climate. However, these effects may be masked
Note: Data are derived from the United States National by the natural weakening phase of certain circulation
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (http://www. systems, thereby reducing their apparent contribution.
esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/).
Abbreviations: AO: Arctic oscillation; EASMI: East 4.2. Future development and management of wind
Asian summer monsoon; ENSO: El Niño-southern and SER
oscillation; NAO: North Atlantic oscillation; PDO: Pacific As typical climate-dependent resources, WER and SER
decadal oscillation; SOI: Southern oscillation. exhibit significant seasonal and regional variations in their
development and utilization and are strongly constrained
atmosphere, it reduces the thermal contrast between by climate change. 35,36 According to the intergovernmental
the upper atmosphere and the ground, diminishing panel on climate change report, the frequency of regional
the positive effects of ASC, and thereby significantly extreme climate events has increased in recent years due
reducing WER. The RF model results further support to global warming. As an arid and semi-arid region,
37
this – before 1991, NAO was the dominant climatic NWC has a low threshold for ecosystem resilience and
factor influencing WER; after 1991, cloud fraction system stability, making it more vulnerable to extreme
became the main controlling factor. Compared to SER, events such as heavy precipitation, persistent high
although the global surface solar radiation has generally temperatures, and severe dust storms. 37,38 Under future
increased, this rise has been concentrated mainly in the climate change scenarios, the increasing frequency of
Southern Hemisphere and Europe. In contrast, SER in extreme climate events is likely to pose considerable
NWC has shown a significant declining trend since the challenges to the development, supply, and demand of
1990s. This is partly due to the more rapid increase in WER and SER. Furthermore, the large-scale deployment
daily maximum temperatures before 2000 compared to of WER and SER inevitably requires substantial land
after 1990, along with a marked greening trend in the use. Infrastructure such as rotating turbine blades and
northwest region after 2000. Increased atmospheric photovoltaic arrays can have observable impacts on
31
water vapor and vegetation cover also led to significant local ecosystems, including reduced vegetation growth
reductions in surface solar radiation. Consequently, near installations and habitat loss for wildlife. However,

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 36 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025190147