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Tanko, et al.

their partitions with aldehydes, hydroxyl, amines ketones,
carboxyl organizations and phosphates accountable for
metallic cation adsorption and chelation. Unfortunately,
20
the usage of these traditional approaches is limited because
of disadvantages such as low selectivity, incomplete
elimination, excessive electricity consumption, high cost,
or generation of excessive poisonous waste. Therefore,
this calls for safe, low-cost, and potent techniques for
extracting heavy metals from polluted water.
Biosorption is the use of dried organisms as
adsorbents. There are numerous methods for metallic
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uptake that use microbial cells, with the underlying Figure 1. The location where samples were collection
principle consistent with extracellular accumulation, from Lake El-Burullus situated at the Northern
through which several heavy metals from wastewater Deltaic region of Egypt. Source: Nature Conservation
are removed with the aid of covalent or ionic bonding. Egypt (https://www.natureegypt.org).
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Metal biosorption from aqueous options is a potential
wastewater remedy strategy. This method is a special connected to the sea via the Boughaz El-Burullus, which
technique of capitalizing on organic material’s potential has an aperture of 50 m in width.
to absorb heavy metals ions from wastewater through
metabolically mediated or physicochemical uptake 2.2. Field water quality
pathways. Biosorption is considered an effective The water quality of the original aquatic environment was
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approach for extracting heavy metals from wastewater measured to determine the best conditions for growing the
because of its attractive benefits, such as low cost and plants under investigation. Using the Misuraline model
superior performance. In addition, they may compensate ML 1010 (Misura Line, Romania), the water quality of
for the drawbacks of commercial resins, which lessen the the original water habitat was determined, along with pH
performance of adsorption in wastewaters to the decrease levels and temperatures (°C). A Secchi disc was used to
in steel concentrations; this motivates its manufacturing measure the field water’s depth (m) and clarity. Salinity
in massive portions and in cost-effective ways. Also, was determined using an electronic TDS meter (HANNA,
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algae are ideally fitted for comparing water quality and model HI99300, Romania) to measure conductivity (μS/m).
had been proven to be powerful bioindicators due to their Using the HANNA model HI 9146, Hanna Product SKU,
ubiquity, rapid reproduction rates, and high sensitivity USA), dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand
to chemical changes, eutrophication and pollution. 22,23 (mg/L and saturation percentage) were assessed as soon as
Recently, Alhaithloul et al. (2025) evaluated the water the samples were collected. Subsequently, water samples
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quality of the Bahr El-Baqar drains and investigated were deep-frozen to allow for further examination of
heavy metals in some vegetable plants. dissolved cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and anions (HCO ,
3
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the NH , and P) as markers of the nutrient levels in the lake
4
effectiveness of C. demerssum and P. pectinatus from which the plant samples were taken. The molybdate
through laboratory experiments as sustainable blue technique was used to estimate the soluble reactive
biomaterial candidates for removing heavy metals from phosphate. Nessler’s technique, which uses an alkaline
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contaminated wastewater in a larger-scale treatment. solution of mercury chloride as a reagent for calorimetric
measurement, was utilized to detect ammonia. A flame
2. Materials and methods photometer (CORNING M410, CORNING, USA)
was employed to determine K, Na, Ca, and Mg. Pye
2.1. Study site Unicam Sp 1900 Recording Flame Atomic Absorption
Samples of P. pectinatus L. and C. demerssum L. were Spectrophotometry (Tianjin Gangdong Scientific
obtained from their native habitat in the deltaic area of Technology Co., Ltd., China) was used to evaluate the
Egypt, which is located northeast of Lake El-Burullus levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn. 26
(Figure 1). One of the delta lakes, Lake El-Burullus is
situated between the Damietta and Rosetta branches, 2.3. Plants sampling
between latitudes 31° 21~ and 31° 35~ N and longitudes Plants of a similar size and growth stage were selected
30° 30~ and 31° 10~E. The lake is elongated in shape, for the experiment, and the samples were cleaned with

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 66 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025150105