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Hydrophytes for removing heavy metals
A B
C D
Figure 4. Removal efficiency of Zn (A), Cd (B), Pb (C), and Mn (D) by Potamogeton pectinatus (blue) and
Ceratophyllum demerssum (red)
Notes: The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. a,b,c Letters are used to indicate statistically significant
differences between group means. Groups sharing the same letter are not significantly different from each other,
while groups with different letters are significantly different.
A B
C D
Figure 5. Removal efficiency of Cd (A), Pb (B), Zn (C), and Mn (D) at different exposure times by P. pectinatus
(red) and C. demerssum (blue)
Notes: The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. a,b,c Letters are used to indicate statistically significant
differences between group means. Groups sharing the same letter are not significantly different from each other,
while groups with different letters are significantly different.
respectively, after 36 h of growth in the water containing 6 h of exposure. The removal rate increased gradually
Cd, and low rate at 30% and 27%, respectively, after with time until it became stable. Figure 5B reveals that
Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 69 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025150105
