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Tanko, et al.

P. stratiotes showed an efficiency rate of 71% in the contaminated water. To prevent the plants from
removing lead from water, whereas L. gibba had an accumulating metals until the highly hazardous or fatal
efficiency rate of 52%. When the concentration of heavy dose level, it is instrumental to regularly replace the
metals in water dropped to an extremely low level due to plants being used at the sites of water remediation with
the L. gibba plant’s capacity to remove and absorb them the fresh ones and the used plants should be treated as
from the water at low concentrations, the water could hazardous items and discarded properly after wrapping.
once again be utilized to irrigate gardens and timber Alternatively, the used plants can be subject to metal
trees. The results of Amin et al., which demonstrated retrieval for commercial purposes.
34
that the duck weed P. pectinatus is capable of absorbing
and depositing heavy metals in its tissues, may support Acknowledgments
this. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the
duck weed L. minor has the capacity to remove and The authors extend their appreciation to the University
accumulate nutrients from wastewater. 35,36 P. stratiotes of Hafr Al Batin, University of Tabuk, King Faisal
may extract and absorb heavy metals from water, University, and Northern Border University from Saudi
lowering the metal concentration to an extremely low Arabia. Sohag University, Minia University, El-Nada
level, which is suitable for watering woody trees. 17 Misr Scientific Research and Development Projects,
In their evaluation of C. demersum as the accumulative Suez Canal University, Al-Azhar University, Mansoura
bioindicator for trace metals, Sharma et al. noted that University, and Suez University from Egypt.
42
the accumulation of aluminum (Al), Zn, and Cu was
threefold at higher doses compared with the lower doses, Funding
but the bioconcentration factors were very low, indicating
that this plant is not a hyper accumulator of these None.
metals, consistent with the present results. According
to Hak et al., C. demersum’s bioaccumulation and Conflict of interest
23
physiological reactions to Cu and Zn exposure exerted
a greater deleterious impact than either the metal alone. The authors declare there are no actual or potential
The potential of aquatic macrophytes as a low-cost competing interests.
bioreactor for removing heavy metals from textile
effluent has been examined by Wickramasinghe and Author contributions
Jayawardana. They found that the aquatic macrophytes
38
S. molesta, P. stratiotes, and E. crassepis were highly Conceptualization: Asmaa A. Bakr, Ali M. Ali,
potent in removing heavy metals from waste-polluted EL-Sayed M. Qaoud, Safia M. Ezzat, Maha M.
water when they were utilized in phytoremediation Elshamy
of textile effluent. In their review on aquatic plants’ Formal analysis: Wesal Suliman Tanko, Fauzeya Mateq
ability to remove heavy metals from wastewater, Albalwe, Safia M. Ezzat, Maha M. Elshamy, Hebat-
Rezania et al. concluded that phytoremediation is Allah Ali Hussein
40
an inexpensive, environmentally friendly remediation Methodology: Asmaa A. Bakr, Ali M. Ali, Mohamed
technique and that free-floating plants are more efficient A. Abdein, EL-Sayed M. Qaoud, Safia M. Ezzat,
at removing heavy metals from wastewater than Hebat-Allah Ali Hussein, Elsayed M. Nafea
emerged or submerged plants. According to our results Writing – original draft: All authors
and observations, the submerged aquatic hydrophytes Writing – review & editing: Wesal Suliman Tanko,
P. pectinatus and C. demerssum can be used for the Fauzeya Mateq Albalwe, Asmaa A. Bakr, Rashid
wider-scale removal of heavy metals from contaminated Ismael Hag Ibrahim, Ahmad. M. Abdel-Mageed,
and polluted water with relatively low costs. Ismail M. A. M. Shahhat, Salma Yousif Sidahmed
Elsheikh, Mohamed A. Abdein, EL-Sayed M.
5. Conclusion Qaoud, Maha M. Elshamy, Elsayed M. Nafea.

P. pectinatus and C. demerssum demonstrate their Availability of data
potential as viable long-term options for treating
different heavy metal-contaminated water and Data is available from the corresponding author upon
removing heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Mn) from reasonable request.

Volume 22 Issue 4 (2025) 72 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025150105