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Messel, et al.

causes of CO emissions were industrial combustion,
2
Temperature
transport, agriculture, fuel exploitation, waste, land use,
-0.089
and land-use changes.
[35]
0.743
Correlation matrix (Pearson) Rainfall 0.143 1 -0.089 from 15000 to over 38000 Mt CO /year, making it the
1
Global CO emissions have steadily increased
2
2
primary greenhouse gas (Figure 8). The trendline (red;
R² = 0.9554) indicates a significant and steady growth
over time, emphasizing the critical need for emission-
reduction initiatives to combat climate change.
[68]
From 1970 to 2022, global CO emissions observed
2
slope: 448.260; p<0.0001) (Table 7), primarily driven
Carbon 1 0.143 0.743 a significant sharp increase (Kendall’s tau: 0.956; Sen’s
by fossil fuel use. These findings emphasize the need for
comprehensive mitigation efforts targeting CO emissions.
2
The continued rise of CO reflects heavy reliance on fossil
2
Continued greenhouse gas emissions can cause
fuels.
Temperature <0.0001 0.525 0 long-term changes in the climate system and increase the
[69],[70]
likelihood of widespread climatic extremes.
[71]
3.4. Relationship between climate parameters and
p‑values (Pearson) Rainfall 0.307 0 0.525 cumulative global carbon dioxide emissions
The Pearson correlation matrix revealed a significant
relationship for both variables, rainfall (p=0.0004)
Table 7. Correlation result of climate parameters and global carbon emissions
and air temperature (p=0.0006), with carbon dioxide
emission. There is a weak positive correlation between
rainfall and carbon dioxide emission (r = 0.144;
Carbon rainfall 0 0.307 <0.0001 p<0.0001). The strong positive correlation (r = 0.743)

between carbon dioxide emissions and air temperature
suggests that carbon dioxide emissions significantly
influence air temperature patterns, whereby 55.2% of
the variation in air temperature (r² = 0.552) is associated
with carbon dioxide emission levels. 2
This result is similar to the study conducted by Benti
Temperature
Coefficients of determination (Pearson) Rainfall 0.020 1 0.008 concentrations and climatic variables, with values of
and Abara in southern Ethiopia. The study reported
[72]
0.008
0.553
coefficients of determination between global CO
1
0.308 for air temperature and 0.204 for rainfall. This
indicates that carbon dioxide emissions are a key driver
of climate change. Therefore, reducing carbon dioxide
emissions through effective climate policies is essential
for limiting climate change and mitigating its adverse
effects (e.g., global warming).
[65]
Carbon
0.553
0.020
3.5. Climate‑related policies and strategies in the
1
Lake Tana Basin
To support development in the basin and the nation,
Ethiopia has implemented a wide range of laws,
proclamations, regulations, programs, and action plans,
Variable Carbon Rain fall Temperature many of which are highlighted by the Blue Nile and Lake
Tana Basin Development Office. These instruments
frequently emphasize climate change adaptation, natural

Volume 22 Issue 5 (2025) 146 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025190142